Abstract
Water stress poses a significant constraint on crop productivity in arid regions. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using a split-factorial layout within a randomized complete block (RCB) design to determine whether the combination of Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria [PGPRs]) with organic matter (OM) can mitigate the negative impacts of water stress on the grain yield of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack), as well as on water use efficiency for grain (WUEg) and biomass (WUEb). Irrigation treatments, including full irrigation (IRN) and post-milking deficit irrigation (IRD), were assigned to the main plots. Subplots were allocated to different OM sources (no OM, wheat residue, and its biochar) and nitrogen-phosphorus (N-P) sources, viz: chemical N-P fertilizer and integrated N-P fertilizer (50% chemical N-P fertilizer combined with PGPRs). Results indicated that IRD led to a significant decrease in grain yield (60.1%) and, ultimately, WUEg (43.4%) without OM application. However, using biochar resulted in the lowest reductions in these traits (41.1% and 14.6%, respectively) compared to the other OM treatments. The application of integrated N-P fertilizer resulted in an increase in grain yield, WUEg, and WUEb, across all types of OM compared to chemical N-P fertilizer. Notably, the most substantial improvements were observed with the application of biochar, which enhanced grain yield, WUEg, and WUEb by 24.5%, 27.7%, and 18.6%, respectively. Additionally, the application of integrated N-P fertilizer mitigated the decline in average grain weight, a crucial factor influencing the grain yield of triticale, under post-milking water stress conditions. Finally, integrated N-P fertilizer in conjunction with biochar is recommended for arid regions facing irrigation water restrictions during the grain-filling stage of triticale.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Post-milking deficit irrigation significantly decreased grain yield by 60.1% without organic matter.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalet0 - Treatment
- post-milking deficit irrigation (IRD)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- significant decreasee1
- Value
- 60.1%e1
- Qualifier
- without OM applicatione1
- Comparator
- full irrigation (IRN)e0
- Setting
- field experimente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e0“Irrigation treatments, including full irrigation (IRN) and post-milking deficit irrigation (IRD), were assigned to the main plots”
e1“IRD led to a significant decrease in grain yield (60.1%) and, ultimately, WUEg (43.4%) without OM application”
e2“A 2-year field experiment was conducted”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-milking deficit irrigation significantly decreased WUEg by 43.4% without organic matter.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- post-milking deficit irrigation (IRD)e0
- Outcome
- WUEge1
- Direction
- significant decreasee1
- Value
- 43.4%e1
- Qualifier
- without OM applicatione1
- Comparator
- full irrigation (IRN)e0
- Setting
- field experimente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e0“Irrigation treatments, including full irrigation (IRN) and post-milking deficit irrigation (IRD), were assigned to the main plots”
e1“IRD led to a significant decrease in grain yield (60.1%) and, ultimately, WUEg (43.4%) without OM application”
e2“A 2-year field experiment was conducted”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar gave the lowest grain yield reduction (41.1%) among organic matter treatments under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- using biochare3
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- lowest reductionse3
- Value
- 41.1%e3
- Comparator
- other OM treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e1“IRD led to a significant decrease in grain yield (60.1%) and, ultimately, WUEg (43.4%) without OM application”
e3“However, using biochar resulted in the lowest reductions in these traits (41.1% and 14.6%, respectively) compared to the other OM treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar gave the lowest WUEg reduction (14.6%) among organic matter treatments under deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- using biochare3
- Outcome
- WUEge1
- Direction
- lowest reductionse3
- Value
- 14.6%e3
- Comparator
- other OM treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e1“IRD led to a significant decrease in grain yield (60.1%) and, ultimately, WUEg (43.4%) without OM application”
e3“However, using biochar resulted in the lowest reductions in these traits (41.1% and 14.6%, respectively) compared to the other OM treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated N-P fertilizer increased grain yield, WUEg and WUEb compared with chemical N-P fertilizer across all organic matter types.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- integrated N-P fertilizere4
- Outcome
- grain yield, WUEg, and WUEbe4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Qualifier
- across all types of OMe4
- Comparator
- chemical N-P fertilizere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e4“The application of integrated N-P fertilizer resulted in an increase in grain yield, WUEg, and WUEb, across all types of OM compared to chemical N-P fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased grain yield by 24.5%, the largest improvement.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- application of biochare5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 24.5%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e5“Notably, the most substantial improvements were observed with the application of biochar, which enhanced grain yield, WUEg, and WUEb by 24.5%, 27.7%, and 18.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased WUEg by 27.7%, the largest improvement.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- application of biochare5
- Outcome
- WUEge5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 27.7%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e5“Notably, the most substantial improvements were observed with the application of biochar, which enhanced grain yield, WUEg, and WUEb by 24.5%, 27.7%, and 18.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased WUEb by 18.6%, the largest improvement.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- application of biochare5
- Outcome
- WUEbe5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 18.6%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e5“Notably, the most substantial improvements were observed with the application of biochar, which enhanced grain yield, WUEg, and WUEb by 24.5%, 27.7%, and 18.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated N-P fertilizer mitigated the decline in average grain weight under post-milking water stress.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- integrated N-P fertilizere6
- Outcome
- average grain weighte6
- Direction
- mitigated the declinee6
- Qualifier
- under post-milking water stress conditionse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e6“the application of integrated N-P fertilizer mitigated the decline in average grain weight, a crucial factor influencing the grain yield of triticale, under post-milking water stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend integrated N-P fertilizer with biochar for arid regions with irrigation water restrictions during triticale grain filling.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee7
- Outcome
- integrated N-P fertilizer in conjunction with biochare7
- Setting
- arid regionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water stressed-field grown triticale”
e7“integrated N-P fertilizer in conjunction with biochar is recommended for arid regions facing irrigation water restrictions during the grain-filling stage of triticale”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.