Abstract
Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) are significant pests that cause considerable damage to crops, prompting a need for sustainable control methods. This study evaluated the nematicidal potential of fungal culture filtrates and botanicals as eco-friendly alternatives. In vitro tests demonstrated that Lemongrass oil (LG) (0.2%) achieved the highest mortality of nematode juveniles (J 2 s) at 99.44% within 48 h, while Pochonia chlamydosporia ( Pc ) (2%) and Purpuricillium lilacinum ( Pl ) (2%) reduced egg hatching rates to 9.57% and 11.43%, respectively. Neem oil (NM) (0.2%) was the most effective in preventing J 2 root penetration (4.42%). In vivo, a combination treatment (T 7 ) of NM (0.2%), Trichoderma harzianum ( Tz ) (2%), Pl (2%), and LG (0.2%) applied at 10 day intervals significantly reduced the nematode reproduction factor to 0.035, comparable to the chemical control Bayer Velum Prime ® (Fluopyram 34.48% W/W SC) (0.031). T 5 (NM and Tz ) resulted in the highest shoot biomass (236.73 ± 1.38 g), while Bayer Velum Prime ® (Fluopyram 34.48% W/W SC) increased root biomass (31.75 ± 1.24 g). Additionally, T 7 produced the longest shoots (63.37 ± 0.74 cm) and roots (36.80 ± 0.3 cm), with fewer root galls (55.67 ± 1.53) and egg masses (4 ± 0.01). T 7 also minimized the final soil nematode population to 106.33 ± 1.01 per 100 g, closely followed by T 8 (94.67 ± 0.89). These results indicate that combining NM, Tz , Pl and LG provide effective nematode control without phytotoxic effects, enhancing plant growth and offering a promising sustainable alternative to chemical nematicides.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Lemongrass oil caused 99.44% juvenile nematode mortality within 48 hours.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Lemongrass oil (LG) (0.2%)e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee1pest - Outcome
- mortality of nematode juvenilese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 99.44%e0
- Qualifier
- within 48 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Lemongrass oil (LG) (0.2%) achieved the highest mortality of nematode juveniles (J 2 s) at 99.44% within 48 h”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pochonia chlamydosporia reduced nematode egg hatching to 9.57%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Pochonia chlamydosporia ( Pc ) (2%)e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Second interactor
- Pochonia chlamydosporiaPochonia chlamydosporiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg hatching ratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9.57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pochonia chlamydosporia ( Pc ) (2%) and Purpuricillium lilacinum ( Pl ) (2%) reduced egg hatching rates to 9.57% and 11.43%, respectively”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Purpuricillium lilacinum reduced nematode egg hatching to 11.43%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Purpuricillium lilacinum ( Pl ) (2%)e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Second interactor
- Purpuricillium lilacinume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg hatching ratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pochonia chlamydosporia ( Pc ) (2%) and Purpuricillium lilacinum ( Pl ) (2%) reduced egg hatching rates to 9.57% and 11.43%, respectively”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem oil limited juvenile root penetration to 4.42%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Neem oil (NM) (0.2%)e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- J 2 root penetratione0
- Direction
- preventinge0
- Value
- 4.42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neem oil (NM) (0.2%) was the most effective in preventing J 2 root penetration (4.42%).”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 reduced nematode reproduction factor to 0.035.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- a combination treatment (T 7 ) of NM (0.2%), Trichoderma harzianum ( Tz ) (2%), Pl (2%), and LG (0.2%) applied at 10 day intervalse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- nematode reproduction factore0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.035e0
- Qualifier
- 0.031e0
- Comparator
- Bayer Velum Prime ® (Fluopyram 34.48% W/W SC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a combination treatment (T 7 ) of NM (0.2%), Trichoderma harzianum ( Tz ) (2%), Pl (2%), and LG (0.2%) applied at 10 day intervals significantly reduced the nematode reproduction factor to 0.035, comparable to the chemical control Bayer Velum Prime ® (Fluopyram 34.48% W/W SC) (0.031)”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 gave the highest shoot biomass, 236.73 ± 1.38 g.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T 5 (NM and Tz )e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 236.73 ± 1.38 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T 5 (NM and Tz ) resulted in the highest shoot biomass (236.73 ± 1.38 g)”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluopyram control increased root biomass to 31.75 ± 1.24 g.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Bayer Velum Prime ® (Fluopyram 34.48% W/W SC)e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31.75 ± 1.24 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bayer Velum Prime ® (Fluopyram 34.48% W/W SC) increased root biomass (31.75 ± 1.24 g)”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 produced the longest shoots, 63.37 ± 0.74 cm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T 7e0
- Outcome
- shootse0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- 63.37 ± 0.74 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T 7 produced the longest shoots (63.37 ± 0.74 cm) and roots (36.80 ± 0.3 cm)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 produced the longest roots, 36.80 ± 0.3 cm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T 7e0
- Outcome
- rootse0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- 36.80 ± 0.3 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T 7 produced the longest shoots (63.37 ± 0.74 cm) and roots (36.80 ± 0.3 cm)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 yielded fewer root galls, 55.67 ± 1.53.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T 7e1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- root gallse0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Value
- 55.67 ± 1.53e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with fewer root galls (55.67 ± 1.53) and egg masses (4 ± 0.01)”
t0“tomato”
e1“T 7 produced”
e2“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 yielded fewer egg masses, 4 ± 0.01.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T 7e1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- egg massese0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Value
- 4 ± 0.01e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with fewer root galls (55.67 ± 1.53) and egg masses (4 ± 0.01)”
t0“tomato”
e1“T 7 produced”
e2“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 reduced final soil nematode population to 106.33 ± 1.01 per 100 g.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T 7e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- final soil nematode populatione0
- Direction
- minimizede0
- Value
- 106.33 ± 1.01 per 100 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T 7 also minimized the final soil nematode population to 106.33 ± 1.01 per 100 g, closely followed by T 8 (94.67 ± 0.89)”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave final soil nematode population of 94.67 ± 0.89.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T 8e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- final soil nematode populatione0
- Value
- 94.67 ± 0.89e0
- Comparator
- T 7e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T 7 also minimized the final soil nematode population to 106.33 ± 1.01 per 100 g, closely followed by T 8 (94.67 ± 0.89)”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined botanical and fungal treatments controlled nematodes without phytotoxic effects.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- without phytotoxic effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combining NM, Tz , Pl and LG provide effective nematode control without phytotoxic effects”
t0“tomato”
e1“Meloidogyne spp.”
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