Abstract
Summary Increasing atmospheric CO 2 levels have a variety of effects that can influence plant responses to microbial pathogens. However, these responses are varied, and it is challenging to predict how elevated CO 2 ( e CO 2 ) will affect a particular plant–pathogen interaction. We investigated how e CO 2 may influence disease development and responses to diverse pathogens in the major oilseed crop, soybean. Soybean plants grown in ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm)) or in e CO 2 (550 ppm) were challenged with bacterial, viral, fungal, and oomycete pathogens. Disease severity, pathogen growth, gene expression, and molecular plant defense responses were quantified. In e CO 2 , plants were less susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea ( Psg ) but more susceptible to bean pod mottle virus, soybean mosaic virus, and Fusarium virguliforme . Susceptibility to Pythium sylvaticum was unchanged, although a greater loss in biomass occurred in e CO 2 . Reduced susceptibility to Psg was associated with enhanced defense responses. Increased susceptibility to the viruses was associated with reduced expression of antiviral defenses. This work provides a foundation for understanding how future e CO 2 levels may impact molecular responses to pathogen challenges in soybean and demonstrates that microbes infecting both shoots and roots are of potential concern in future climatic conditions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 changed soybean susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea ( Psg ): less susceptible.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- e CO 2 (550 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea ( Psg )Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycineae0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
- Direction
- less susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“In e CO 2 , plants were less susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea ( Psg ) but more susceptible to bean pod mottle virus, soybean mosaic virus, and Fusarium virguliforme .”
e1“in e CO 2 (550 ppm)”
e2“ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 changed soybean susceptibility to bean pod mottle virus: more susceptible.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- e CO 2 (550 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- bean pod mottle virusBean pod mottle viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“In e CO 2 , plants were less susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea ( Psg ) but more susceptible to bean pod mottle virus, soybean mosaic virus, and Fusarium virguliforme .”
e1“in e CO 2 (550 ppm)”
e2“ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 changed soybean susceptibility to soybean mosaic virus: more susceptible.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- e CO 2 (550 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- soybean mosaic virus
Soybean mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- susceptiblee0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“In e CO 2 , plants were less susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea ( Psg ) but more susceptible to bean pod mottle virus, soybean mosaic virus, and Fusarium virguliforme .”
e1“in e CO 2 (550 ppm)”
e2“ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 changed soybean susceptibility to Fusarium virguliforme: more susceptible.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- e CO 2 (550 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- Fusarium virguliformeFusarium virguliformee0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“In e CO 2 , plants were less susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea ( Psg ) but more susceptible to bean pod mottle virus, soybean mosaic virus, and Fusarium virguliforme .”
e1“in e CO 2 (550 ppm)”
e2“ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 changed soybean susceptibility to Pythium sylvaticum: unchanged.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- e CO 2 (550 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- Pythium sylvaticumGlobisporangium sylvaticume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- unchangede0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Susceptibility to Pythium sylvaticum was unchanged, although a greater loss in biomass occurred in e CO 2 .”
e1“in e CO 2 (550 ppm)”
e2“ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 caused greater soybean biomass loss during Pythium challenge.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- e CO 2 (550 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- Pythium sylvaticumGlobisporangium sylvaticume3pathogen
- Outcome
- loss in biomasse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“a greater loss in biomass occurred in e CO 2”
e3“Pythium sylvaticum”
e1“in e CO 2 (550 ppm)”
e2“ambient CO 2 ( a CO 2 , 419 parts per million (ppm))”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced soybean susceptibility to Psg was associated with enhanced defense responses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Psge1pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibility to Psge0
- Direction
- Reducede0
- Qualifier
- enhanced defense responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Reduced susceptibility to Psg was associated with enhanced defense responses”
e1“Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea ( Psg )”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased soybean susceptibility to viruses was associated with reduced antiviral defense expression.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to the virusese0
- Direction
- Increasede0
- Qualifier
- reduced expression of antiviral defensese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Increased susceptibility to the viruses was associated with reduced expression of antiviral defenses”