Abstract
To understand the phylogenetic relationships of Menyanthes and address the existing gap in the evolutionary study of embryological characteristics, we investigated and compared these characteristics with those of related families. Our objective was to deduce the character polarity of these characteristics. We analyzed the dicotyledonous type of anther wall, the development of an endothelium, and endosperm formation of the Cellular type. Our findings revealed that vascular bundles extending into the integument are an autapomorphy. Compared with the closely related genus, Nymphoides , Menyanthes share common embryological characteristics at the family level, except for three‐celled pollen at shedding time. Goodeniaceae and Asteraceae exhibited tetra‐sporangia, glandular tapetum, and other symplesiomorphic characters, while Menyanthe s showed apomorphic characteristics such as unilocular ovary with two parietal placentae. Embryological characteristics of Menyanthaceae support its classification in Asterales in APG system IV. These findings indicate that Menyanthaceae is primitive relative to Calyceraceae, Goodeniaceae, and Asteraceae within Asterales. Our study strongly supports the APG system IV classification based on embryological characteristics, providing new insights into the evolutionary history of Menyanthaceae.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Menyanthes has dicotyledonous anther walls, endothelium development, and cellular endosperm.
- Taxon
- Menyanthes
Menyanthest0 - Outcome
- dicotyledonous type of anther wall, the development of an endothelium, and endosperm formation of the Cellular typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dicotyledonous type of anther wall, the development of an endothelium, and endosperm formation of the Cellular type”
t0“Menyanthes”
Claim · model-written summary
Vascular bundles extending into the integument were identified as an autapomorphy.
- Taxon
- MenyanthesMenyanthest0
- Outcome
- vascular bundles extending into the integumente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vascular bundles extending into the integument are an autapomorphy”
t0“Menyanthes”
Claim · model-written summary
Menyanthes and Nymphoides shared family level embryological traits except pollen cell number at shedding.
- Taxon
- MenyanthesMenyanthese0
- Outcome
- common embryological characteristics at the family levele0
- Qualifier
- except for three‐celled pollen at shedding timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Menyanthes share common embryological characteristics at the family level, except for three‐celled pollen at shedding time”
Claim · model-written summary
Goodeniaceae and Asteraceae exhibited tetra sporangia and glandular tapetum.
- Taxon
- GoodeniaceaeGoodeniaceaee0
- Outcome
- tetra‐sporangia, glandular tapetum, and other symplesiomorphic characterse0
Verbatim
e0“Goodeniaceae and Asteraceae exhibited tetra‐sporangia, glandular tapetum, and other symplesiomorphic characters”
Claim · model-written summary
Menyanthes showed an apomorphic unilocular ovary with two parietal placentae.
Verbatim
e0“Menyanthe s showed apomorphic characteristics such as unilocular ovary with two parietal placentae”
Claim · model-written summary
Menyanthaceae embryology supported classification in Asterales under APG IV.
- Taxon
- MenyanthaceaeMenyanthaceaee0
- Outcome
- classification in Asterales in APG system IVe0
Verbatim
e0“Embryological characteristics of Menyanthaceae support its classification in Asterales in APG system IV”
Claim · model-written summary
Menyanthaceae was inferred to be primitive relative to three other Asterales families.
- Taxon
- MenyanthaceaeMenyanthaceaee0
- Outcome
- primitive relative to Calyceraceae, Goodeniaceae, and Asteraceae within Asteralese0
Verbatim
e0“Menyanthaceae is primitive relative to Calyceraceae, Goodeniaceae, and Asteraceae within Asterales”