Abstract
The infestation of major greenhouse pests such as whiteflies, leafminers, and thrips and hot and humid conditions pose significant challenges in controlled environment horticulture, particularly for organic tomato production. Low tomato productivity is attributed to pests and inadequate stress tolerance of existing cultivars, which hinder the ability to optimize fruit set and yield. Although the individual effects of bioprotection and grafting strategies of conventional production systems have been extensively studied, their combined effects in controlled environments have been less explored. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of grafting (‘Maxifort’ × ‘Valdeon RZ’) and bioprotection strategies (yellow sticky traps, Spinosad, and Bacillus thuringiensis ) on the mitigation of greenhouse pest infestation and enhancement of the yield of organically grown hydroponic tomatoes in adverse environmental conditions in Qatar. The experimental design used a strip plot with grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ and nongrafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ as the main plot treatments; Yellow sticky traps, Spinosad, and Bacillus thuringiensis were randomly assigned to the subplots. Tomato cultivar Valdeon RZ grafted on Maxifort exhibited superior seedling quality, as evidenced by increased stem diameters and improved root attributes. Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosad demonstrated an enhanced net assimilation rate (27%) and stomatal conductance (17%), as well as reduced transpiration loss (22%) and electrolyte leakage (18%); however, the intercellular CO 2 concentration was maintained. Flowering of grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosad occurred 4 days earlier than that of untreated and nongrafted counterparts. Compared with the control plants, grafted plants treated with Spinosad exhibited superior fruit sets (22%) and pollen viability (18%), as well as fewer incidences of flower drops (28%). Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with ‘Spinosad’ outperformed the control in terms of marketable fruit yields, with a significantly higher yield (26%). Additionally, fruits collected from grafted plants demonstrated superior postharvest quality, including firmness, soluble solids content, acidity, and color dynamics. Among the bioprotection strategies, Spinosad exhibited superior pest control efficiency, followed by Bacillus thuringiensis and yellow sticky traps. Spinosad-treated plants showed a 40% reduction in leafminer, 28% reduction in whitefly, and 22% reduction in thrips compared with untreated control plants. Our findings can lead to practical strategies that minimize greenhouse pest infestations while improving tomato yield in an organic hydroponic system within a protected environment.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato cultivar Valdeon RZ grafted on Maxifort had superior seedling quality, with increased stem diameters and improved root attributes.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Material
- Valdeon RZe1
- Treatment
- grafted on Maxiforte1
- Outcome
- seedling qualitye1
- Direction
- superiore1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Tomato cultivar Valdeon RZ grafted on Maxifort exhibited superior seedling quality, as evidenced by increased stem diameters and improved root attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted Valdeon RZ tomato plants treated with Spinosad had an enhanced net assimilation rate (27%).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Valdeon RZe1
- Treatment
- Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 27%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosad demonstrated an enhanced net assimilation rate (27%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted Valdeon RZ tomato plants treated with Spinosad had enhanced stomatal conductance (17%).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Valdeon RZe1
- Treatment
- Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 17%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosad demonstrated an enhanced net assimilation rate (27%) and stomatal conductance (17%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted Valdeon RZ tomato plants treated with Spinosad had reduced transpiration loss (22%).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Valdeon RZe1
- Treatment
- Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- transpiration losse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 22%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosad demonstrated an enhanced net assimilation rate (27%) and stomatal conductance (17%), as well as reduced transpiration loss (22%) and electrolyte leakage (18%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted Valdeon RZ tomato plants treated with Spinosad had reduced electrolyte leakage (18%).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Valdeon RZe1
- Treatment
- Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 18%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosad demonstrated an enhanced net assimilation rate (27%) and stomatal conductance (17%), as well as reduced transpiration loss (22%) and electrolyte leakage (18%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In grafted Valdeon RZ tomato plants treated with Spinosad the intercellular CO2 concentration was maintained.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Valdeon RZe1
- Treatment
- Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2 concentratione1
- Direction
- maintainede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosad demonstrated an enhanced net assimilation rate (27%) and stomatal conductance (17%), as well as reduced transpiration loss (22%) and electrolyte leakage (18%); however, the intercellular CO 2 concentration was maintained”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering of grafted Valdeon RZ tomato plants treated with Spinosad occurred 4 days earlier than in untreated and nongrafted plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Valdeon RZe1
- Treatment
- grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- Floweringe1
- Direction
- earliere1
- Value
- 4 dayse1
- Comparator
- untreated and nongrafted counterpartse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Flowering of grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with Spinosad occurred 4 days earlier than that of untreated and nongrafted counterparts”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted tomato plants treated with Spinosad had superior fruit set (22%) compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafted plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- fruit setse1
- Direction
- superiore1
- Value
- 22%e1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Compared with the control plants, grafted plants treated with Spinosad exhibited superior fruit sets (22%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted tomato plants treated with Spinosad had superior pollen viability (18%) compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafted plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye1
- Direction
- superiore1
- Value
- 18%e1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Compared with the control plants, grafted plants treated with Spinosad exhibited superior fruit sets (22%) and pollen viability (18%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted tomato plants treated with Spinosad had fewer incidences of flower drops (28%) than control plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafted plants treated with Spinosade1
- Outcome
- incidences of flower dropse1
- Direction
- fewere1
- Value
- 28%e1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Compared with the control plants, grafted plants treated with Spinosad exhibited superior fruit sets (22%) and pollen viability (18%), as well as fewer incidences of flower drops (28%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted Valdeon RZ tomato plants treated with Spinosad had a significantly higher marketable fruit yield (26%) than the control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Valdeon RZe1
- Treatment
- Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with ‘Spinosad’e1
- Outcome
- marketable fruit yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 26%e1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Grafted ‘Valdeon RZ’ plants treated with ‘Spinosad’ outperformed the control in terms of marketable fruit yields, with a significantly higher yield (26%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruits from grafted tomato plants had superior postharvest quality, including firmness, soluble solids content, acidity and color dynamics.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafted plantse1
- Outcome
- postharvest qualitye1
- Direction
- superiore1
- Qualifier
- including firmness, soluble solids content, acidity, and color dynamicse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“fruits collected from grafted plants demonstrated superior postharvest quality, including firmness, soluble solids content, acidity, and color dynamics”
Claim · model-written summary
Among the bioprotection strategies, Spinosad had superior pest control efficiency, followed by Bacillus thuringiensis and yellow sticky traps.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosade1
- Outcome
- pest control efficiencye1
- Direction
- superiore1
- Comparator
- Bacillus thuringiensis and yellow sticky trapse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Among the bioprotection strategies, Spinosad exhibited superior pest control efficiency, followed by Bacillus thuringiensis and yellow sticky traps”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad-treated tomato plants showed a 40% reduction in leafminer compared with untreated control plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosade1
- Interactor
- leafminere1pest
- Outcome
- leafminere1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 40%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Spinosad-treated plants showed a 40% reduction in leafminer, 28% reduction in whitefly, and 22% reduction in thrips compared with untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad-treated tomato plants showed a 28% reduction in whitefly compared with untreated control plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosade1
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- whiteflye1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 28%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Spinosad-treated plants showed a 40% reduction in leafminer, 28% reduction in whitefly, and 22% reduction in thrips compared with untreated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad-treated tomato plants showed a 22% reduction in thrips compared with untreated control plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosade1
- Outcome
- thripse1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 22%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control plantse1
ThripsOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Spinosad-treated plants showed a 40% reduction in leafminer, 28% reduction in whitefly, and 22% reduction in thrips compared with untreated control plants”
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spinosad · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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spinosad · control · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
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spinosad · Thrips · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
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- no effect
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8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 12 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.