Abstract
The use of extended light spectra, including UV-A, green, and far-red, has been scarcely explored in vertical farming. This study evaluated the effects of full spectra under two intensities (90 and 180 µmol m−2 s−1) on the growth and antioxidant properties of green and purple leaf lettuce. Three light spectra were tested: Blue-White (BW), Red-White (RW), and Red-Blue (RB). Fresh weight (FW), dry weight percentage (DWP), chlorophyll concentration (NDVI), and antioxidant parameters (total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity by DPPH and FRAP and total flavonoid content (TFC)) were assessed. Spectrum-intensity interactions significantly influenced FW, with RW-180 µmol m−2 s−1 yielding the highest FW (78.2 g plant−1 in green and 48.5 g plant−1 in purple lettuce). BW-90 µmol m−2 s−1 maximized DWP in green lettuce, while PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1 favored DWP in purple lettuce. Chlorophyll concentration increased under PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1, and leaf color varied with spectrum, with RW producing lighter leaves. Antioxidant parameters declined over time, but a PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1, particularly under RW, boosted TPC and TFC contents in both lettuce cultivars during early stages (days 0 and 15). Conversely, a lower PAR intensity of 90 µmol m−2 s−1, mainly under RW, enhanced antioxidant capacity by FRAP at 15 days and by the end of the cycle for both cultivars. Overall, RW-180 µmol m−2 s−1 interactions promoted the best characteristics in lettuce. Nonetheless, the findings emphasize the significance of fine-tuning both light spectrum and intensity to enhance lettuce growth and quality in vertical farming systems considering the cultivar, time and variable to be evaluated.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
RW at 180 µmol m−2 s−1 produced the highest green lettuce fresh weight, 78.2 g plant−1.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Material
- greene0
- Treatment
- RW-180 µmol m−2 s−1e0
- Outcome
- FWe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 78.2 g plant−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RW-180 µmol m−2 s−1 yielding the highest FW (78.2 g plant−1 in green and 48.5 g plant−1 in purple lettuce)”
Claim · model-written summary
RW at 180 µmol m−2 s−1 produced the highest purple lettuce fresh weight, 48.5 g plant−1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- purplee0
- Treatment
- RW-180 µmol m−2 s−1e0
- Outcome
- FWe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 48.5 g plant−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RW-180 µmol m−2 s−1 yielding the highest FW (78.2 g plant−1 in green and 48.5 g plant−1 in purple lettuce)”
Claim · model-written summary
BW at 90 µmol m−2 s−1 maximized green lettuce dry weight percentage.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- greene0
- Treatment
- BW-90 µmol m−2 s−1e0
- Outcome
- DWPe0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BW-90 µmol m−2 s−1 maximized DWP in green lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1 favored dry weight percentage in purple lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- purplee0
- Treatment
- PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1e0
- Outcome
- DWPe0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1 favored DWP in purple lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll concentration increased at PAR intensity 180 µmol m−2 s−1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1e0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll concentration increased under PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
RW light produced lighter lettuce leaves.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- RWe0
- Outcome
- lighter leavese0
- Direction
- lightere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf color varied with spectrum, with RW producing lighter leaves”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant parameters declined over time.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- Antioxidant parameterse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- over timee0
Not reportedOrgan / stageSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant parameters declined over time”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
PAR intensity 180 µmol m−2 s−1, especially RW, boosted TPC and TFC in both cultivars on days 0 and 15.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1e0
- Outcome
- TPC and TFC contentse0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Qualifier
- during early stages (days 0 and 15)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a PAR intensity of 180 µmol m−2 s−1, particularly under RW, boosted TPC and TFC contents in both lettuce cultivars during early stages (days 0 and 15)”
Claim · model-written summary
PAR intensity 90 µmol m−2 s−1, mainly RW, enhanced FRAP antioxidant capacity at day 15 and cycle end.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- PAR intensity of 90 µmol m−2 s−1e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacity by FRAPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- at 15 days and by the end of the cycle for both cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower PAR intensity of 90 µmol m−2 s−1, mainly under RW, enhanced antioxidant capacity by FRAP at 15 days and by the end of the cycle for both cultivars”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
RW at 180 µmol m−2 s−1 promoted the best overall lettuce characteristics.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- RW-180 µmol m−2 s−1e0
- Outcome
- best characteristicse0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RW-180 µmol m−2 s−1 interactions promoted the best characteristics in lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend tuning spectrum and intensity by cultivar, time, and trait for vertical farm lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- fine-tuning both light spectrum and intensity to enhance lettuce growth and quality in vertical farming systemse0
- Qualifier
- considering the cultivar, time and variable to be evaluatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fine-tuning both light spectrum and intensity to enhance lettuce growth and quality in vertical farming systems considering the cultivar, time and variable to be evaluated”
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