Abstract
Emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens has opened new vistas for novel drug discovery or combinatorial drug surveillance, often in form of some natural products, which is considered to be cheap and safe. In this study, the urobactericidal activity of the methanolic extract of the stem and resin of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd (Fabaceae) was explored against five uropathogenic bacterial strains i.e. Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus. Varieties of antibacterial (disc diffusion, agar well diffusion, modified agar well diffusion) and antioxidant assays (DPPH and OH free radical scavenging assay) were tried to prove the efficacy of stem and resin extracts of A. catechu and to compare their urobactericidal and free radical scavenging properties. Phytochemical analysis envisaged that the stem and resin contained phytoconstituents like alkaloids, phenols, tannins, proteins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids, which were reported to have excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The total phenolic contents of the methanolic extract of A. catechu stem (ACs) and A. catechu resin (ACr) were calculated as 37.74 ± 0.023 and 51.98 ± 0.011 mg/g Gallic Acid equivalents. The total flavonoid contents of methanolic extract of ACs and ACr were calculated to be 71.33 ± 0.004 and119.6 ± 0.010 mg/g Rutin equivalent. ACs had IC50 value of 93.68 ± 0.71; 90.92 ± 0.54 µg/mL and ACr had 79.21 ± 0.54; 85.74 ± 0.61 µg/mL in comparison to an IC50 value of 72.33 ± 1.20; 66.96 ± 0.61 µg/mL for standard Ascorbic acid in the DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay. Phytocompounds present in both ACs and ACr were proved to have improved the urobactericidal efficacies of conventional antibiotics especially against the E. faecalis and E. coli, the prime etiological agents of uropathogenesis. Our results indicated the excellent urobactericidal effects of the stem and resin extracts of a least explored natural remedy against uropathogens, which will be beneficial for treating urinary tract infections and augmenting the quest for novel therapies in future for uropathogenesis.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic content of the A. catechu stem extract (ACs) was 37.74 ± 0.023 mg/g gallic acid equivalents.
- Taxon
- Acacia catechu
Senegalia catechut0 - Material
- ACse1
- Organ / stage
- steme1
- Outcome
- total phenolic contentse1
- Value
- 37.74 ± 0.023e1
- Qualifier
- mg/g Gallic Acid equivalentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Acacia catechu”
e1“The total phenolic contents of the methanolic extract of A. catechu stem (ACs) and A. catechu resin (ACr) were calculated as 37.74 ± 0.023 and 51.98 ± 0.011 mg/g Gallic Acid equivalents”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic content of the A. catechu resin extract (ACr) was 51.98 ± 0.011 mg/g gallic acid equivalents.
- Taxon
- Acacia catechuSenegalia catechut0
- Material
- ACre1
- Organ / stage
- resine1
- Outcome
- total phenolic contentse1
- Value
- 51.98 ± 0.011e1
- Qualifier
- mg/g Gallic Acid equivalentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Acacia catechu”
e1“The total phenolic contents of the methanolic extract of A. catechu stem (ACs) and A. catechu resin (ACr) were calculated as 37.74 ± 0.023 and 51.98 ± 0.011 mg/g Gallic Acid equivalents”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoid content of the ACs extract was 71.33 ± 0.004 mg/g rutin equivalents.
- Taxon
- Acacia catechuSenegalia catechut0
- Material
- ACse2
- Outcome
- total flavonoid contentse2
- Value
- 71.33 ± 0.004e2
- Qualifier
- mg/g Rutin equivalente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Acacia catechu”
e2“The total flavonoid contents of methanolic extract of ACs and ACr were calculated to be 71.33 ± 0.004 and119.6 ± 0.010 mg/g Rutin equivalent”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoid content of the ACr extract was 119.6 ± 0.010 mg/g rutin equivalents.
- Taxon
- Acacia catechuSenegalia catechut0
- Material
- ACre2
- Outcome
- total flavonoid contentse2
- Value
- 119.6 ± 0.010e2
- Qualifier
- mg/g Rutin equivalente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Acacia catechu”
e2“The total flavonoid contents of methanolic extract of ACs and ACr were calculated to be 71.33 ± 0.004 and119.6 ± 0.010 mg/g Rutin equivalent”
Claim · model-written summary
The ACs extract had IC50 values of 93.68 ± 0.71 and 90.92 ± 0.54 µg/mL in the DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, compared with standard ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- Acacia catechuSenegalia catechut0
- Material
- ACse3
- Outcome
- IC50 valuee3
- Value
- 93.68 ± 0.71; 90.92 ± 0.54 µg/mLe3
- Qualifier
- DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assaye3
- Comparator
- standard Ascorbic acide3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Acacia catechu”
e3“ACs had IC50 value of 93.68 ± 0.71; 90.92 ± 0.54 µg/mL and ACr had 79.21 ± 0.54; 85.74 ± 0.61 µg/mL in comparison to an IC50 value of 72.33 ± 1.20; 66.96 ± 0.61 µg/mL for standard Ascorbic acid in the DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay”
Claim · model-written summary
The ACr extract had IC50 values of 79.21 ± 0.54 and 85.74 ± 0.61 µg/mL in the DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, compared with standard ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- Acacia catechuSenegalia catechut0
- Material
- ACre3
- Outcome
- IC50 valuee3
- Value
- 79.21 ± 0.54; 85.74 ± 0.61 µg/mLe3
- Qualifier
- DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assaye3
- Comparator
- standard Ascorbic acide3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Acacia catechu”
e3“ACs had IC50 value of 93.68 ± 0.71; 90.92 ± 0.54 µg/mL and ACr had 79.21 ± 0.54; 85.74 ± 0.61 µg/mL in comparison to an IC50 value of 72.33 ± 1.20; 66.96 ± 0.61 µg/mL for standard Ascorbic acid in the DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytocompounds of both ACs and ACr improved the urobactericidal efficacy of conventional antibiotics, especially against E. faecalis and E. coli.
- Taxon
- Acacia catechuSenegalia catechut0
- Treatment
- conventional antibioticse4
- Interactor
- E. faecalise4pathogen
- Second interactor
- E. coli
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Escherichia colie4pathogen - Outcome
- urobactericidal efficaciese4
- Direction
- improvede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Acacia catechu”
e4“Phytocompounds present in both ACs and ACr were proved to have improved the urobactericidal efficacies of conventional antibiotics especially against the E. faecalis and E. coli”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem and resin extracts of A. catechu showed excellent urobactericidal effects against uropathogens.
- Taxon
- Acacia catechuSenegalia catechut0
- Organ / stage
- stem and resine5
- Interactor
- uropathogense5pathogen
- Outcome
- urobactericidal effectse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Acacia catechu”
e5“Our results indicated the excellent urobactericidal effects of the stem and resin extracts of a least explored natural remedy against uropathogens”