Abstract
Abstract Background This study is the first research to investigate the potential of grafting to induce tomato resistance to two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch. TSSM can cause up to 50% yield loss of tomato. The grafting technique permits the rapid adoption of biotic/abiotic stress resistance/tolerance from wild relatives as rootstock while preserving the scion’s important horticultural characteristics. Although TSSM resistance is found in wild tomato relatives, particularly those with the Mi-1 gene, its effects as rootstocks on TSSM resistance remain uncertain. Tomato ‘Nairouz F 1 ’ (lacking Mi-1 ) grafted onto six interspecific hybrids with Solanum habrochiates (harboring Mi-1/mi-1 ), including commercial rootstock ‘Estamino’ and ‘Fortamino’, along with hybrids between tomato ‘VFN-14’ and each of S. habrochiates AusTRCF312064 (R312064), AusTRCF312344 (R312344), CGN15391 (R15391), and LA1777 (R1777). In the 2019 and 2020 fall seasons, the grafted and ungrafted plants were assessed in a naturally TSSM-infested field. The population of TSSM movable stages on grafted and ungrafted plants was estimated one week after transplanting, and every two weeks for 11 weeks. To assess antixenosis and antibiosis resistance in tomato grafts, TSSM males and females were reared on leaves of grafts onto R312064 and R15391, along with ungrafted plants. TSSM bio-behaviors and two-sex life table parameters were assessed. Results Grafting onto interspecific hybrids, particularly R15391, R312064, and R312344, significantly lowered TSSM populations compared to commercial rootstocks and ungrafted plants. HPLC analysis revealed that grafting induced foliar synthesis of herbivore-repellent (antixenosis) and antibiosis phenolics, viz., chlorogenic acid in all grafts and syringic acid, pyrocatechol, and vanillin in certain grafts. Grafts-R312064 showed delayed TSSM development, lower survival rates, lower fecundity, and higher mortality. Grafts-R312064 also had a longer mean generation time ( GT ; 23.33 days) and a lower reproductive rate ( R 0 : 14.63), leading to a slower intrinsic population growth rate ( r m : 0.115) compared to ungrafted plants and grafts-R15391. Conclusion The findings suggest tomato grafting onto rootstocks with the Mi-1 gene, particularly R312064, could reduce TSSM populations through induced antixenosis and antibiosis resistance mechanisms.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting onto interspecific hybrids significantly lowered TSSM populations compared with commercial rootstocks and ungrafted plants.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Material
- R15391, R312064, and R312344e0
- Treatment
- Grafting onto interspecific hybridse0
- Interactor
- TSSMe0pest
- Outcome
- TSSM populationse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- commercial rootstocks and ungrafted plantse0
- Setting
- naturally TSSM-infested fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e0“Grafting onto interspecific hybrids, particularly R15391, R312064, and R312344, significantly lowered TSSM populations compared to commercial rootstocks and ungrafted plants”
e1“the grafted and ungrafted plants were assessed in a naturally TSSM-infested field”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting induced foliar synthesis of chlorogenic acid in all grafts.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- graftinge2
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acide2
- Direction
- inducede2
- Qualifier
- in all graftse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e2“HPLC analysis revealed that grafting induced foliar synthesis of herbivore-repellent (antixenosis) and antibiosis phenolics, viz., chlorogenic acid in all grafts and syringic acid, pyrocatechol, and vanillin in certain grafts”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting induced foliar synthesis of syringic acid, pyrocatechol and vanillin in certain grafts.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- graftinge2
- Outcome
- syringic acid, pyrocatechol, and vanilline2
- Direction
- inducede2
- Qualifier
- in certain graftse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e2“HPLC analysis revealed that grafting induced foliar synthesis of herbivore-repellent (antixenosis) and antibiosis phenolics, viz., chlorogenic acid in all grafts and syringic acid, pyrocatechol, and vanillin in certain grafts”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafts onto R312064 delayed TSSM development.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- R312064e3
- Treatment
- Grafts-R312064e3
- Interactor
- TSSMe3pest
- Outcome
- TSSM developmente3
- Direction
- delayede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e3“Grafts-R312064 showed delayed TSSM development, lower survival rates, lower fecundity, and higher mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafts onto R312064 lowered TSSM survival rates.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- R312064e3
- Treatment
- Grafts-R312064e3
- Interactor
- TSSMe3pest
- Outcome
- survival ratese3
- Direction
- lowere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e3“Grafts-R312064 showed delayed TSSM development, lower survival rates, lower fecundity, and higher mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafts onto R312064 lowered TSSM fecundity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- R312064e3
- Treatment
- Grafts-R312064e3
- Interactor
- TSSMe3pest
- Outcome
- fecunditye3
- Direction
- lowere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e3“Grafts-R312064 showed delayed TSSM development, lower survival rates, lower fecundity, and higher mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafts onto R312064 raised TSSM mortality.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- R312064e3
- Treatment
- Grafts-R312064e3
- Interactor
- TSSMe3pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e3“Grafts-R312064 showed delayed TSSM development, lower survival rates, lower fecundity, and higher mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafts onto R312064 lengthened the mean generation time of TSSM to 23.33 days.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- R312064e4
- Treatment
- Grafts-R312064e4
- Outcome
- mean generation timee4
- Direction
- longere4
- Value
- 23.33 dayse4
- Comparator
- ungrafted plants and grafts-R15391e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e4“Grafts-R312064 also had a longer mean generation time ( GT ; 23.33 days) and a lower reproductive rate ( R 0 : 14.63), leading to a slower intrinsic population growth rate ( r m : 0.115) compared to ungrafted plants and grafts-R15391”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafts onto R312064 lowered the reproductive rate of TSSM to R0 14.63.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- R312064e4
- Treatment
- Grafts-R312064e4
- Outcome
- reproductive ratee4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Value
- 14.63e4
- Comparator
- ungrafted plants and grafts-R15391e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e4“Grafts-R312064 also had a longer mean generation time ( GT ; 23.33 days) and a lower reproductive rate ( R 0 : 14.63), leading to a slower intrinsic population growth rate ( r m : 0.115) compared to ungrafted plants and grafts-R15391”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafts onto R312064 slowed the intrinsic population growth rate of TSSM to 0.115.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- R312064e4
- Treatment
- Grafts-R312064e4
- Outcome
- intrinsic population growth ratee4
- Direction
- slowere4
- Value
- 0.115e4
- Comparator
- ungrafted plants and grafts-R15391e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e4“Grafts-R312064 also had a longer mean generation time ( GT ; 23.33 days) and a lower reproductive rate ( R 0 : 14.63), leading to a slower intrinsic population growth rate ( r m : 0.115) compared to ungrafted plants and grafts-R15391”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato grafting onto Mi-1 rootstocks, particularly R312064, could reduce TSSM populations through induced antixenosis and antibiosis resistance mechanisms.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Material
- R312064e5
- Interactor
- TSSMe5pest
- Gene
- Mi-1e5
- Outcome
- TSSM populationse5
- Qualifier
- through induced antixenosis and antibiosis resistance mechanismse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grafting Tomato”
e5“tomato grafting onto rootstocks with the Mi-1 gene, particularly R312064, could reduce TSSM populations through induced antixenosis and antibiosis resistance mechanisms”
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