Abstract
Abstract The paper presents the results of studying the morphological and genetic variation in populations of two species from genus Globularia, G. bisnagarica L. and G. trichosantha Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Both species are relicts and have disjunctive ranges. The analysis involved 25 populations of G. bisnagarica and 4 populations of G. trichosantha growing far apart from the main parts of their ranges. Sequencing of some regions of cpDNA (trnL–trnF, rbcL, and rpS16) and nuclear rDNA (ITS barcoding) revealed an extremely low level of genetic variability in the populations of both studied species. At the same time, G. bisnagarica demonstrates genetic uniformity within the entire disjunctive range. A study of the leaf blade shape variation with the geometric morphometrics approach revealed no clear interpopulation differences for both species; in most cases, the shape varied widely at the intrapopulation level. However, in the case of G. bisnagarica, a subtle trend was found: in populations from habitats with southern location, the leaves had a narrow, oblong shape, while the populations located to the north, were characterized by wider, spatulate shape of the leaf blade. The assessment of variation in size parameters of plant organs using classical linear morphometrics revealed a more noticeable separation of populations for both G. bisnagarica and G. trichosantha. Modeling with environmental factors, designed to explain the observed patterns of variation, showed that the linear sizes of plant organs were more affected by climatic and topographic factors than the leaf blade shape. The main drivers of morphological variation in morphometric parameters of G. bisnagarica populations were the elevation, mean diurnal range of temperature, and annual precipitation. Variation in morphometric parameters of G. trichosantha populations mostly were driven by the annual mean temperature. Morphological variation observed in populations of G. bisnagarica within the studied fragments of the disjunctive range has exclusively modification nature and caused by natural climatic factors and local conditions of population growth.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Both Globularia species show an extremely low level of genetic variability among populations.
- Taxon
- Globularia
Globulariat0 - Outcome
- genetic variabilitye2
- Qualifier
- extremely low levele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eastern European Globularia”
e2“revealed an extremely low level of genetic variability in the populations of both studied species”
Claim · model-written summary
G. bisnagarica shows genetic uniformity across its entire disjunctive range.
- Taxon
- G. bisnagarica
Globularia bisnagaricae3 - Outcome
- genetic uniformitye3
- Setting
- disjunctive rangee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“G. bisnagarica demonstrates genetic uniformity within the entire disjunctive range”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf blade shape showed no clear interpopulation differences in either Globularia species.
- Taxon
- GlobulariaGlobulariae1
- Outcome
- interpopulation differencese4
- Qualifier
- no cleare4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two species from genus Globularia”
e4“revealed no clear interpopulation differences for both species”
Claim · model-written summary
In G. bisnagarica, populations in southern habitats had narrow, oblong leaf blades.
- Taxon
- G. bisnagaricaGlobularia bisnagaricae0
- Outcome
- narrow, oblong shapee5
- Direction
- narrowe5
- Setting
- southern locatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the case of G. bisnagarica, a subtle trend was found”
e5“in populations from habitats with southern location, the leaves had a narrow, oblong shape”
Claim · model-written summary
In G. bisnagarica, populations further north had wider, spatulate leaf blades.
- Taxon
- G. bisnagaricaGlobularia bisnagaricae0
- Outcome
- spatulate shape of the leaf bladee6
- Direction
- widere6
- Setting
- northe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the case of G. bisnagarica, a subtle trend was found”
e6“the populations located to the north, were characterized by wider, spatulate shape of the leaf blade”
Claim · model-written summary
Linear sizes of plant organs in Globularia were more affected by climatic and topographic factors than leaf blade shape.
- Taxon
- GlobulariaGlobulariae1
- Treatment
- climatic and topographic factorse7
- Outcome
- linear sizes of plant organse7
- Direction
- more affectede7
- Comparator
- leaf blade shapee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two species from genus Globularia”
e7“the linear sizes of plant organs were more affected by climatic and topographic factors than the leaf blade shape”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphometric parameters of G. bisnagarica populations were mainly driven by elevation, mean diurnal range of temperature and annual precipitation.
- Taxon
- G. bisnagaricaGlobularia bisnagaricae0
- Treatment
- elevation, mean diurnal range of temperature, and annual precipitatione0
- Outcome
- morphometric parameterse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main drivers of morphological variation in morphometric parameters of G. bisnagarica populations were the elevation, mean diurnal range of temperature, and annual precipitation”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphometric parameters of G. trichosantha populations were mostly driven by annual mean temperature.
- Taxon
- G. trichosantha
Globularia trichosanthae0 - Treatment
- annual mean temperaturee0
- Outcome
- morphometric parameterse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Variation in morphometric parameters of G. trichosantha populations mostly were driven by the annual mean temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological variation in G. bisnagarica populations is a modification caused by natural climatic factors and local conditions.
- Taxon
- G. bisnagaricaGlobularia bisnagaricae0
- Outcome
- morphological variatione0
- Qualifier
- caused by natural climatic factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Morphological variation observed in populations of G. bisnagarica within the studied fragments of the disjunctive range has exclusively modification nature and caused by natural climatic factors”