Abstract
Abstract Intensifying traditional fallow–winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) (F–W) system with annual forage can increase productivity and profitability on the Loess Plateau of China. However, the uneven and variability precipitation has led to the productivity is instability. Four‐cycles field experiment from 2016 to 2020 to investigate that planting oat ( Avena sativa L.), soybean [ Glycine max L. (Merr.)], and vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) annual forages into summer fallow period on productivity, benefit, and resource use efficiency under R−30% (a 30% decrease in natural rainfall), CK (natural rainfall), and R+30% (a 30% increase in natural rainfall) three rainfall situations. Across four growing seasons with 12 rainfall situations, incorporating annual forages into fallow period significantly increased productivity and resource use efficiency, and the system productivity and net income were influenced by the intra‐ and interannual variability rainfall. Increasing precipitation significantly enhanced productivity. Compared to CK, the R+30% scenario wheat equivalent yields in F–W, oat–winter wheat (O–W), soybean–winter wheat (S–W), and vetch–winter wheat (V–W) systems were increased by 17.9%, 20.3%, 18.7%, and 25.5%, respectively. In normal years, forage oat, soybean, and vetch yields were 5545, 4339, and 2829 kg ha −1 , respectively. The F–W, O–W, S–W, and V–W wheat grain yields were 3785, 3089, 4014, and 3286 kg ha −1 , respectively. Compared to F–W, the S–W system net income increased by 30.5%, 33.3%, and 36.3%, respectively, under dry, normal, and wet years. In consideration of yield and profitability, the S–W system is more suitable for local farmers to wheat production under future climate change on the Loess Plateau.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Adding annual forages to fallow significantly increased system productivity.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- incorporating annual forages into fallow periode1
- Outcome
- productivitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“incorporating annual forages into fallow period significantly increased productivity and resource use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding annual forages to fallow significantly increased resource use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- incorporating annual forages into fallow periode1
- Outcome
- resource use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“incorporating annual forages into fallow period significantly increased productivity and resource use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall variability influenced system productivity and net income.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- system productivity and net incomee1
- Setting
- intra‐ and interannual variability rainfalle1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“system productivity and net income were influenced by the intra‐ and interannual variability rainfall”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing precipitation significantly enhanced productivity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Increasing precipitatione1
- Outcome
- productivitye1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Increasing precipitation significantly enhanced productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
At R+30%, fallow–wheat wheat-equivalent yield rose 17.9% versus CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- F–We1
- Treatment
- R+30%e1
- Outcome
- wheat equivalent yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 17.9%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Compared to CK, the R+30% scenario wheat equivalent yields in F–W, oat–winter wheat (O–W), soybean–winter wheat (S–W), and vetch–winter wheat (V–W) systems were increased by 17.9%, 20.3%, 18.7%, and 25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At R+30%, oat–winter wheat wheat-equivalent yield rose 20.3% versus CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R+30%e1
- Outcome
- wheat equivalent yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 20.3%e1
- Qualifier
- oat–winter wheat (O–W)e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Compared to CK, the R+30% scenario wheat equivalent yields in F–W, oat–winter wheat (O–W), soybean–winter wheat (S–W), and vetch–winter wheat (V–W) systems were increased by 17.9%, 20.3%, 18.7%, and 25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At R+30%, soybean–winter wheat wheat-equivalent yield rose 18.7% versus CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R+30%e1
- Outcome
- wheat equivalent yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 18.7%e1
- Qualifier
- soybean–winter wheat (S–W)e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Compared to CK, the R+30% scenario wheat equivalent yields in F–W, oat–winter wheat (O–W), soybean–winter wheat (S–W), and vetch–winter wheat (V–W) systems were increased by 17.9%, 20.3%, 18.7%, and 25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At R+30%, vetch–winter wheat wheat-equivalent yield rose 25.5% versus CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R+30%e1
- Outcome
- wheat equivalent yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 25.5%e1
- Qualifier
- vetch–winter wheat (V–W)e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Compared to CK, the R+30% scenario wheat equivalent yields in F–W, oat–winter wheat (O–W), soybean–winter wheat (S–W), and vetch–winter wheat (V–W) systems were increased by 17.9%, 20.3%, 18.7%, and 25.5%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In normal years, forage oat yield was 5545 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae0 - Outcome
- forage oat, soybean, and vetch yieldse1
- Value
- 5545, 4339, and 2829 kg ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- In normal yearse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planting oat ( Avena sativa L.)”
e1“In normal years, forage oat, soybean, and vetch yields were 5545, 4339, and 2829 kg ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In normal years, soybean forage yield was 4339 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Outcome
- yieldse1
- Value
- 4339, and 2829 kg ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- In normal yearse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean [ Glycine max L. (Merr.)]”
e1“In normal years, forage oat, soybean, and vetch yields were 5545, 4339, and 2829 kg ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In normal years, vetch forage yield was 2829 kg ha −1.
Verbatim
e0“vetch ( Vicia sativa L.)”
e1“In normal years, forage oat, soybean, and vetch yields were 5545, 4339, and 2829 kg ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fallow–winter wheat grain yield was 3785 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yieldse1
- Value
- 3785, 3089, 4014, and 3286 kg ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- F–We1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The F–W, O–W, S–W, and V–W wheat grain yields were 3785, 3089, 4014, and 3286 kg ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat–winter wheat grain yield was 3089 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yieldse1
- Value
- 3089, 4014, and 3286 kg ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- O–We1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The F–W, O–W, S–W, and V–W wheat grain yields were 3785, 3089, 4014, and 3286 kg ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean–winter wheat grain yield was 4014 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yieldse1
- Value
- 4014, and 3286 kg ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- S–We1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The F–W, O–W, S–W, and V–W wheat grain yields were 3785, 3089, 4014, and 3286 kg ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Vetch–winter wheat grain yield was 3286 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yieldse1
- Value
- 3286 kg ha −1e1
- Qualifier
- V–We1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The F–W, O–W, S–W, and V–W wheat grain yields were 3785, 3089, 4014, and 3286 kg ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean–winter wheat increased net income by 30.5% versus fallow–wheat in dry years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- S–W systeme1
- Outcome
- net incomee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 30.5%e1
- Qualifier
- drye1
- Comparator
- F–We1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Compared to F–W, the S–W system net income increased by 30.5%, 33.3%, and 36.3%, respectively, under dry, normal, and wet years”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean–winter wheat increased net income by 33.3% versus fallow–wheat in normal years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- S–W systeme1
- Outcome
- net incomee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 33.3%e1
- Qualifier
- normale1
- Comparator
- F–We1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Compared to F–W, the S–W system net income increased by 30.5%, 33.3%, and 36.3%, respectively, under dry, normal, and wet years”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean–winter wheat increased net income by 36.3% versus fallow–wheat in wet years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- S–W systeme1
- Outcome
- net incomee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 36.3%e1
- Qualifier
- wet yearse1
- Comparator
- F–We1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Compared to F–W, the S–W system net income increased by 30.5%, 33.3%, and 36.3%, respectively, under dry, normal, and wet years”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered soybean–winter wheat more suitable for local wheat production under future climate change.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- more suitable for local farmers to wheat productione1
- Qualifier
- under future climate change on the Loess Plateaue1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“the S–W system is more suitable for local farmers to wheat production under future climate change on the Loess Plateau”
The same questions in other papers
rainfall · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
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- negative
- negative
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See all 81 papers →rotation · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
252 papers in the same direction as this paper · 83 in the opposite direction · 9 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
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See all 345 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.