Abstract
BACKGROUND: Drought stress is a catastrophic abiotic stressor that impedes the worldwide output of commodities and the development of plants. The Utilizing biological antioxidant stimulators, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are one example increased the plants' ability to withstand the effects of drought. The symbiotic response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to AMF inoculation was assessed in the experiment presented herewith at different watering regimes (field capacity of 25, 50, and 90%). The vegetative, physio-biochemical traits, and regulation of genes involved in polyamine synthesis in G. max plants were evaluated. RESULTS: The results obtained suggested that AMF inoculation has an advantage over plants that were non-inoculated in terms of their growth and all assessed criteria, which responded to drought stress by showing slower development. It is evident that the gas exchange parameters of the soybean plant were substantially reduced by 36.79 (photosynthetic rate; A), 60.59 (transpiration rate; E), and 53.50% (stomatal conductance gs), respectively, under severe stress of drought in comparison to control; non-stressed treatment. However, the AMF inoculation resulted in a 40.87, 29.89, and 33.65% increase in A, E, and gs levels, respectively, in extremely drought-stressful circumstances, when in contrast to non-AMF one that was grown under well-watered conditions. The drought level was inversely proportional to mycorrhizal colonization. The total antioxidant capacity, protein, and proline contents were all enhanced by AMF inoculation, while the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents were decreased. Polyamine biosynthesis genes expression; Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC2), Spermidine synthase (SPDS) and Spermine synthase (SpS) were upregulated in drought and to even higher level in AMF's mild drought inoculated plants' shoots. This implies that AMF plays apart in the enhanced survival of soybean plants stressed by drought and reduced plant membranes damage by limiting the excessive production of oxidative stress generators; ROS. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the present investigation demonstrates that inoculation of AMF may be a supportable and environmentally advantageous method for improving the physio-biochemical traits, plant growth, and polyamine biosynthesis genes of soybean plants in the incident of limited water availability.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation improved growth and assessed criteria compared with non-inoculated soybean.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation has an advantage over plants that were non-inoculated in terms of their growth and all assessed criteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced soybean photosynthetic rate by 36.79 relative to non-stressed control.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- severe stress of droughte0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 36.79e0
- Comparator
- control; non-stressed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gas exchange parameters of the soybean plant were substantially reduced by 36.79 (photosynthetic rate; A), 60.59 (transpiration rate; E), and 53.50% (stomatal conductance gs), respectively, under severe stress of drought in comparison to control; non-stressed treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced soybean transpiration rate by 60.59 relative to non-stressed control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- severe stress of droughte0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 60.59e0
- Comparator
- control; non-stressed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gas exchange parameters of the soybean plant were substantially reduced by 36.79 (photosynthetic rate; A), 60.59 (transpiration rate; E), and 53.50% (stomatal conductance gs), respectively, under severe stress of drought in comparison to control; non-stressed treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced soybean stomatal conductance by 53.50% relative to non-stressed control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- severe stress of droughte0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance gse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 53.50%e0
- Comparator
- control; non-stressed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gas exchange parameters of the soybean plant were substantially reduced by 36.79 (photosynthetic rate; A), 60.59 (transpiration rate; E), and 53.50% (stomatal conductance gs), respectively, under severe stress of drought in comparison to control; non-stressed treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased photosynthetic rate by 40.87 under extreme drought.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Ae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 40.87e0
- Comparator
- non-AMF one that was grown under well-watered conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation resulted in a 40.87, 29.89, and 33.65% increase in A, E, and gs levels, respectively, in extremely drought-stressful circumstances, when in contrast to non-AMF one that was grown under well-watered conditions”
t0“soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased transpiration rate by 29.89 under extreme drought.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Ee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 29.89e0
- Comparator
- non-AMF one that was grown under well-watered conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation resulted in a 40.87, 29.89, and 33.65% increase in A, E, and gs levels, respectively, in extremely drought-stressful circumstances, when in contrast to non-AMF one that was grown under well-watered conditions”
t0“soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased stomatal conductance by 33.65% under extreme drought.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- gs levelse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 33.65%e0
- Comparator
- non-AMF one that was grown under well-watered conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation resulted in a 40.87, 29.89, and 33.65% increase in A, E, and gs levels, respectively, in extremely drought-stressful circumstances, when in contrast to non-AMF one that was grown under well-watered conditions”
t0“soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization declined as drought intensified.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- drought levele0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Direction
- inversely proportionale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The drought level was inversely proportional to mycorrhizal colonization”
t0“soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased antioxidant capacity, protein, and proline contents.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total antioxidant capacity, protein, and proline contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total antioxidant capacity, protein, and proline contents were all enhanced by AMF inoculation”
t0“soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents were decreased”
t0“soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
e1“The total antioxidant capacity, protein, and proline contents were all enhanced by AMF inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought upregulated ODC2, SPDS, and SpS expression.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Gene
- Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC2), Spermidine synthase (SPDS) and Spermine synthase (SpS)e0
- Outcome
- Polyamine biosynthesis genes expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Polyamine biosynthesis genes expression; Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC2), Spermidine synthase (SPDS) and Spermine synthase (SpS) were upregulated in drought”
t0“soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation during mild drought further increased ODC2, SPDS, and SpS expression in shoots.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- AMF's mild drought inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC2), Spermidine synthase (SPDS) and Spermine synthase (SpS)e0
- Outcome
- Polyamine biosynthesis genes expressione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- droughte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Polyamine biosynthesis genes expression; Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC2), Spermidine synthase (SPDS) and Spermine synthase (SpS) were upregulated in drought and to even higher level in AMF's mild drought inoculated plants' shoots”
t0“soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.