Abstract
Abstract Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination deteriorates agricultural land. This study explored the accumulation of excess PTEs (Cd, Pb, and Zn) in soils by shoots of herbaceous plants growing on alluvial sediments of an abandoned mining/smelting site near the Litavka River, Czech Republic, as a means of soil remediation. Determination of total Cd, Pb, and Zn, contents in soil and plant samples decomposed with HNO 3 + HCl + HF, HNO 3 , and H 2 O 2 , respectively, were carried out by inductively coupled optical emission spectrometry. The soil Cd, Pb, and Zn contents in the studied site ranged from 40 to 65, 3183 to 3897, and 5108 to 6553 mg kg −1 , respectively, indicating serious soil contamination compared to the limits allowed by the FAO/WHO and the Czech Republic. Slightly acidic soil reactions and negative correlations between the pH, C, and N supported the assumption of relative solubility, mobility, and accumulation of studied PTEs by herbaceous species. Shoot accumulation of Cd, Pb, and Zn varied in 22 of 23 species recording a Cd content above the permissible limit. The Zn content in all plants was above the WHO limit. Except for Arabidopsis halleri , with a bioaccumulation factor (BAF shoot ) > 1 for Cd and Zn, Equisetum arvense recorded a comparatively higher Cd content (10.3–28 mg kg −1 ) than all other species. Silene vulgaris (Moench), Leucanthemum vulgare , E . arvense , Achillea millefolium , Carex sp., Dianthus deltoides , Campanula patula , Plantago lanceolata , and Rumex acetosa accumulated more Zn than many plants (> 300 mg kg −1 ). Although E . arvense had a BAF < 1, it accumulated > 1000 mg Zn kg −1 and supported the phytoextraction of Zn. Only 10 species accumulated Pb above the limit permissible in plants, with L . vulgare recording the highest concentration (40 mg kg −1 ) among all species. Therefore, the shoots of several plant species showed promising PTE accumulation abilities and deserve more detailed studies concerning their potential use for phytoremediation of Cd-, Pb-, or Zn-contaminated soils.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Cd content at the mining and smelting site ranged from 40 to 65, indicating serious soil contamination.
Verbatim
t0“Abilities of herbaceous plant species to phytoextract Cd, Pb, and Zn”
e0“shoots of herbaceous plants growing on alluvial sediments of an abandoned mining/smelting site near the Litavka River, Czech Republic”
e1“The soil Cd, Pb, and Zn contents in the studied site ranged from 40 to 65, 3183 to 3897, and 5108 to 6553 mg kg −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Pb content at the mining and smelting site ranged from 3183 to 3897, indicating serious soil contamination.
Verbatim
t0“Abilities of herbaceous plant species to phytoextract Cd, Pb, and Zn”
e0“shoots of herbaceous plants growing on alluvial sediments of an abandoned mining/smelting site near the Litavka River, Czech Republic”
e1“The soil Cd, Pb, and Zn contents in the studied site ranged from 40 to 65, 3183 to 3897, and 5108 to 6553 mg kg −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn content at the mining and smelting site ranged from 5108 to 6553 mg kg −1, indicating serious soil contamination.
Verbatim
t0“Abilities of herbaceous plant species to phytoextract Cd, Pb, and Zn”
e0“shoots of herbaceous plants growing on alluvial sediments of an abandoned mining/smelting site near the Litavka River, Czech Republic”
e1“The soil Cd, Pb, and Zn contents in the studied site ranged from 40 to 65, 3183 to 3897, and 5108 to 6553 mg kg −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH, C and N were negatively correlated.
Verbatim
e0“shoots of herbaceous plants growing on alluvial sediments of an abandoned mining/smelting site near the Litavka River, Czech Republic”
e2“Slightly acidic soil reactions and negative correlations between the pH, C, and N”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd content exceeded the permissible limit in 22 of 23 shoot species.
Verbatim
e0“shoots of herbaceous plants growing on alluvial sediments of an abandoned mining/smelting site near the Litavka River, Czech Republic”
e3“Shoot accumulation of Cd, Pb, and Zn varied in 22 of 23 species recording a Cd content above the permissible limit”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn content in all herbaceous plants was above the WHO limit.
Verbatim
e0“shoots of herbaceous plants growing on alluvial sediments of an abandoned mining/smelting site near the Litavka River, Czech Republic”
e4“The Zn content in all plants was above the WHO limit”
Claim · model-written summary
Arabidopsis halleri had a bioaccumulation factor above 1 for Cd and Zn.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis halleri
_IMG_7443.JPG?width=60)
Arabidopsis hallerie5 - Compound
- Cd and Zne5
- Outcome
- bioaccumulation factore5
- Value
- > 1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_IMG_7443.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e5“Except for Arabidopsis halleri , with a bioaccumulation factor (BAF shoot ) > 1 for Cd and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Equisetum arvense recorded a higher Cd content than all other species, at 10.3–28 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- Equisetum arvense
Equisetum arvensee6 - Compound
- Cde6
- Outcome
- Cd contente6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 10.3–28 mg kg −1e6
- Comparator
- all other speciese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Equisetum arvense recorded a comparatively higher Cd content (10.3–28 mg kg −1 ) than all other species”
Claim · model-written summary
E. arvense had a bioaccumulation factor below 1.
- Taxon
- E. arvenseEquisetum arvensee7
- Outcome
- BAFe7
- Value
- < 1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Although E . arvense had a BAF < 1, it accumulated > 1000 mg Zn kg −1 and supported the phytoextraction of Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
E. arvense accumulated more than 1000 mg Zn per kg in shoots.
- Taxon
- E. arvenseEquisetum arvensee7
- Compound
- Zne7
- Outcome
- accumulatede7
- Value
- > 1000 mg Zn kg −1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Although E . arvense had a BAF < 1, it accumulated > 1000 mg Zn kg −1 and supported the phytoextraction of Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine herbaceous species accumulated more Zn than many plants, above 300 mg kg −1.
Verbatim
e0“shoots of herbaceous plants growing on alluvial sediments of an abandoned mining/smelting site near the Litavka River, Czech Republic”
e1“Silene vulgaris (Moench), Leucanthemum vulgare , E . arvense , Achillea millefolium , Carex sp., Dianthus deltoides , Campanula patula , Plantago lanceolata , and Rumex acetosa accumulated more Zn than many plants (> 300 mg kg −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 10 herbaceous species accumulated Pb above the permissible limit in plants.
Verbatim
t0“Abilities of herbaceous plant species to phytoextract Cd, Pb, and Zn”
e1“Only 10 species accumulated Pb above the limit permissible in plants, with L . vulgare recording the highest concentration (40 mg kg −1 ) among all species”
Claim · model-written summary
Leucanthemum vulgare recorded the highest Pb concentration among all species, at 40 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- L. vulgare
Leucanthemum vulgaree1 - Compound
- Pbe1
- Outcome
- highest concentratione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 40 mg kg −1e1
- Comparator
- all speciese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Only 10 species accumulated Pb above the limit permissible in plants, with L . vulgare recording the highest concentration (40 mg kg −1 ) among all species”