Abstract
A sustainable Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) planting system that integrates forage radish cover crops (Raphanus sativus L.) and animal manure has been established in northwestern China. This study investigated the effects of different cropping systems and manure application levels on soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and L. barbarum yield under field conditions. A split-plot design was used, with the main-plot treatments consisting of two cropping systems and the sub-plot treatments involving three manure application levels. The results showed that compared to L. barbarum monocropping, cover cropping with R. sativus led to a decrease in soil bulk density (1.90%) and increase in soil electrical conductivity (11.5%), nutrient contents (total N and available N, P, and K: 30.3–138%), and microbial biomass (C: 79.0%; N: 184%). Cover cropping additionally enhanced the community diversity and richness of soil bacteria. Beta-diversity analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial rather than fungal community composition among various treatments. The bacterial network showed a lower ratio of positive to negative correlations and reduced complexity in response to cover cropping, which contrasted with fungal network patterns. Integration of cover cropping and medium manure application increased fruit yield by 8.71%. Cover crops and manure influenced soil microbial diversity mainly through their positive effects on soil total and available N contents.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Radish cover cropping reduced soil bulk density by 1.90%.
- Taxon
- L. barbarum
Lycium barbarume0 - Treatment
- cover cropping with R. sativuse0
- Interactor
- R. sativus
Raphanus sativuse0other - Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 1.90%e0
- Comparator
- L. barbarum monocroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to L. barbarum monocropping, cover cropping with R. sativus led to a decrease in soil bulk density (1.90%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping increased soil electrical conductivity by 11.5%.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume0
- Treatment
- cover cropping with R. sativuse0
- Interactor
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0other
- Outcome
- soil electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 11.5%e0
- Comparator
- L. barbarum monocroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to L. barbarum monocropping, cover cropping with R. sativus led to a decrease in soil bulk density (1.90%) and increase in soil electrical conductivity (11.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping increased soil total and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by 30.3–138%.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume0
- Treatment
- cover cropping with R. sativuse0
- Interactor
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0other
- Outcome
- nutrient contents (total N and available N, P, and Ke0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 30.3–138%e0
- Comparator
- L. barbarum monocroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to L. barbarum monocropping, cover cropping with R. sativus led to a decrease in soil bulk density (1.90%) and increase in soil electrical conductivity (11.5%), nutrient contents (total N and available N, P, and K: 30.3–138%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping increased soil microbial biomass carbon by 79.0%.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume1
- Treatment
- cover cropping with R. sativuse0
- Interactor
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0other
- Outcome
- microbial biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 79.0%e0
- Comparator
- L. barbarum monocroppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cover cropping with R. sativus led to a decrease in soil bulk density (1.90%) and increase in soil electrical conductivity (11.5%), nutrient contents (total N and available N, P, and K: 30.3–138%), and microbial biomass (C: 79.0%; N: 184%)”
e1“L. barbarum monocropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen by 184%.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume1
- Treatment
- cover cropping with R. sativuse0
- Interactor
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0other
- Outcome
- microbial biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 184%e0
- Comparator
- L. barbarum monocroppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cover cropping with R. sativus led to a decrease in soil bulk density (1.90%) and increase in soil electrical conductivity (11.5%), nutrient contents (total N and available N, P, and K: 30.3–138%), and microbial biomass (C: 79.0%; N: 184%)”
e1“L. barbarum monocropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping enhanced soil bacterial diversity and richness.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume1
- Treatment
- Cover croppinge0
- Interactor
- soil bacteriae0other
- Outcome
- community diversity and richness of soil bacteriae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cover cropping additionally enhanced the community diversity and richness of soil bacteria”
e1“L. barbarum yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial community composition differed significantly among treatments.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume1
- Treatment
- various treatmentse0
- Interactor
- bacteriale0other
- Outcome
- bacterial rather than fungal community compositione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant differences in bacterial rather than fungal community composition among various treatments”
e1“L. barbarum yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping lowered the bacterial network positive-to-negative correlation ratio and complexity.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume1
- Treatment
- cover croppinge0
- Interactor
- bacteriale0other
- Outcome
- ratio of positive to negative correlations and reduced complexitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bacterial network showed a lower ratio of positive to negative correlations and reduced complexity in response to cover cropping”
e1“L. barbarum yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal network patterns contrasted with bacterial patterns under cover cropping.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume1
- Interactor
- fungale0other
- Outcome
- fungal network patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which contrasted with fungal network patterns”
e1“L. barbarum yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover cropping plus medium manure increased fruit yield by 8.71%.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume1
- Treatment
- cover cropping and medium manure applicatione0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.71%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integration of cover cropping and medium manure application increased fruit yield by 8.71%”
e1“L. barbarum yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops and manure affected soil microbial diversity mainly through increased total and available nitrogen.
- Taxon
- L. barbarumLycium barbarume1
- Treatment
- Cover crops and manuree0
- Outcome
- soil microbial diversitye0
- Qualifier
- positive effects on soil total and available N contentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cover crops and manure influenced soil microbial diversity mainly through their positive effects on soil total and available N contents”
e1“L. barbarum yield”
The same questions in other papers
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- no effect
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.