Abstract
• Inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx reduces proBrAFP1 activity in stems and leaves. • Ca²⁺ suppression altered hormone levels, with elevated ABA and SA contents, while IAA, GA3, and ZT were reduced. • Ca²⁺ chelation also compromised membrane integrity. Winter rapeseed bolting is a highly nutritious and health-beneficial vegetable. It is also one of the earliest harvested leafy greens in northern China, providing an important source of fresh produce in the early spring. However, freezing during overwintering the most severe challenge to its production. In this study, we focused on the effects of Ca²⁺ influx inhibitors (EGTA, La³⁺, Gd³⁺, and RuR) on the cold adaptation of winter rapeseed. Our results demonstrate that cold treatment at 4 °C and -4 °C significantly enhanced proBrAFP1 activity and upregulated the expression of cold-responsive genes, including CNGC, CDPK, OST1, ICE1 , and CBFs , in both winter rapeseed and transgenic Arabidopsis . However, Inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx reduces proBrAFP1 activity in stems and leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis lines. Additionally, Ca²⁺ suppression altered hormone levels, with elevated ABA and SA contents, while IAA, GA3, and ZT were reduced. Furthermore, the study revealed that Ca²⁺ inhibition exacerbated oxidative stress. Ca²⁺ chelation also compromised membrane integrity, with increased electrolyte leakage and MDA content. Notably, some inhibitors, such as Gd³⁺ and RuR, mitigated ROS accumulation and membrane injury to a certain extent. Overall, These findings provide valuable insights for developing strategies to enhance cold tolerance in rapeseed bolting production.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cold treatment enhanced proBrAFP1 activity in rapeseed and Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- winter rapeseed and transgenic Arabidopsise1
- Treatment
- cold treatment at 4 °C and -4 °Ce0
- Gene
- proBrAFP1e0
- Outcome
- proBrAFP1 activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“cold treatment at 4 °C and -4 °C significantly enhanced proBrAFP1 activity”
e1“upregulated the expression of cold-responsive genes, including CNGC, CDPK, OST1, ICE1 , and CBFs , in both winter rapeseed and transgenic Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold treatment upregulated CNGC, CDPK, OST1, ICE1 and CBFs.
- Taxon
- winter rapeseed and transgenic Arabidopsise0
- Treatment
- cold treatment at 4 °C and -4 °Ce1
- Gene
- CNGC, CDPK, OST1, ICE1 , and CBFse0
- Outcome
- expression of cold-responsive genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“upregulated the expression of cold-responsive genes, including CNGC, CDPK, OST1, ICE1 , and CBFs , in both winter rapeseed and transgenic Arabidopsis”
e1“cold treatment at 4 °C and -4 °C significantly enhanced proBrAFP1 activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium influx inhibition reduced proBrAFP1 activity in transgenic Arabidopsis stems and leaves.
- Taxon
- transgenic Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Organ / stage
- stems and leavese0
- Treatment
- Inhibition of Ca²⁺ influxe0
- Gene
- proBrAFP1e0
- Outcome
- proBrAFP1 activitye0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx reduces proBrAFP1 activity in stems and leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis lines”
e1“Inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx reduces proBrAFP1 activity in stems and leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis lines”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium suppression elevated ABA and SA contents.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, Ca²⁺ suppression altered hormone levels, with elevated ABA and SA contents, while IAA, GA3, and ZT were reduced.”
e1“Additionally, Ca²⁺ suppression altered hormone levels, with elevated ABA and SA contents, while IAA, GA3, and ZT were reduced.”
t0“winter rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium suppression reduced IAA, GA3 and ZT.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, Ca²⁺ suppression altered hormone levels, with elevated ABA and SA contents, while IAA, GA3, and ZT were reduced.”
e1“Additionally, Ca²⁺ suppression altered hormone levels, with elevated ABA and SA contents, while IAA, GA3, and ZT were reduced.”
t0“winter rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium inhibition exacerbated oxidative stress.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ca²⁺ inhibition exacerbated oxidative stress”
e1“Ca²⁺ inhibition exacerbated oxidative stress”
t0“winter rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chelation increased electrolyte leakage and MDA content.
- Taxon
- winter rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- Ca²⁺ chelatione0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage and MDA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ca²⁺ chelation also compromised membrane integrity, with increased electrolyte leakage and MDA content”
e1“Ca²⁺ chelation also compromised membrane integrity, with increased electrolyte leakage and MDA content”
t0“winter rapeseed”
Claim · model-written summary
Gd³⁺ and RuR mitigated ROS accumulation and membrane injury to a certain extent.
- Taxon
- winter rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- Gd³⁺ and RuRe0
- Outcome
- ROS accumulation and membrane injurye0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Qualifier
- to a certain extente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Gd³⁺ and RuR, mitigated ROS accumulation and membrane injury to a certain extent”
e1“Gd³⁺ and RuR, mitigated ROS accumulation and membrane injury to a certain extent”
t0“winter rapeseed”
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