Abstract
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) has become the most important fruit crop in Chile, making the country the world's leading exporter, with 414,000 ton in 2023. Fungal wood diseases are a major threat to this crop, with novel pathogens emerging in recent years (Auger et al., 2020; Grinbergs et al., 2021). New symptoms were observed in winter 2023 in a commercial orchard (40°19'46.1"S 72°54'22.4"W) near Río Bueno, Los Ríos Region, on varieties Sylvia, Kordia, Regina and Schneider. These included cankers along the trunk and main branches, with red pycnidia and yellowish sporodochia growing on the symptomatic tissue. A survey was conducted from winter 2023 to fall 2024, during which symptomatic samples (n=63) presenting cankers, internal discoloration, and signs of the probable pathogen, were collected from sweet cherry orchards (n=8), located from Maule to Los Lagos Regions (36°02'26.6"S 71°39'29.1"W to 40°20'14.4"S 72°41'49.8"W). Most of the symptomatic samples exhibited yellowish to orange/red, sessile, semi-immersed to erumpent, mostly solitary, pulvinate sporodochia. Additionally, samples collected in winter 2023 contained reddish, warted, globose, predominantly caespitose perithecia. Microscopic analysis of the sporodochia showed cylindrical to fusiform, hyaline, non-septate conidia, 4.8-5.9 × 2.2-2.9 µm (n=25). The perithecia contained cylindrical to clavate asci 95,6-68 x 13,3-11,8 µm (n=25), with eight, ellipsoidal, hyaline, one septum, ascospores 20-25 × 3-6 µm (n=25). The macro and micro morphometric features of the fungus accorded with the description of Hirooka et al. (2011; 2012) for Nectria dematiosa. To isolate the fungus, wood sections 0.5-cm were cut-off from the margin of discolored area, disinfected (0.5% v/v sodium hypochlorite) and plated on a quarter-strength potato dextrose agar amended with 1mg/L tetracycline (PDA-tet). Plates were incubated at 25°C until mycelial development and subsequently were purified transferring mycelia to PDA. Colonies developed whitish, radial, slightly cottony aerial mycelium, typical of N. dematiosa. DNA was extracted from representative isolates (n=6) and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis clustered them with N. dematiosa reference strains in a phylogenetic tree. The reference sequences for isolate RGM 3594 include: ITS PP862960 (White et al., 1990), LSU PP862961 (Rehner & Samuels, 1994; Vilgalys & Hester, 1990), tef1-α PP869349 (Carbone & Kohn, 1999; Rehner, 2001), tub2 PP869350 (O’Donnell & Cigelnik, 1997). For pathogenicity tests, 30 cm sweet cherry cuttings of vars. Lapins, Sweetheart, Regina, Kordia, Bing and Skeena were inoculated with six isolates of N. dematiosa and incubated at 25°C for 60-d in distilled water, at a depth of 5 cm. Moreover, nursery 3 years potted plants var. Lapins were inoculated with isolate RGM 3594 and incubated for 230-d at a shade house. Controls were inoculated with sterile agar for both tests. After incubation, internal discoloration was measured and compared. The varieties differed in their susceptibility to the isolates, with Sweetheart being the most susceptible (25.9 cm) and Bing the least (13.3 cm). The pathogen was also able to produce symptoms on nursery plants (4 to 18 cm). Furthermore, sporodochia developed on inoculated tissue. In both pathogenicity tests, it was possible to reisolate the fungus from the inoculated wood, fulfilling the Koch's postulates. This work contributes to understanding the etiology of cherry wood diseases and the biology of N. dematiosa, a new pathogen for sweet cherry in Chile and the southern hemisphere.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Nectria dematiosa is reported as a new pathogen of sweet cherry in Chile and the southern hemisphere.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry
Prunus aviume1 - Interactor
- N. dematiosa
Nectria dematiosae0pathogen - Outcome
- new pathogene0
- Setting
- Chile and the southern hemispheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the biology of N. dematiosa, a new pathogen for sweet cherry in Chile and the southern hemisphere”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cankers with red pycnidia and yellowish sporodochia were observed on sweet cherry in an orchard near Río Bueno, Los Ríos Region.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume2
- Material
- Sylvia, Kordia, Regina and Schneidere1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- cankers along the trunk and main branchese0
- Setting
- Río Bueno, Los Ríos Regione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These included cankers along the trunk and main branches, with red pycnidia and yellowish sporodochia growing on the symptomatic tissue”
e1“near Río Bueno, Los Ríos Region, on varieties Sylvia, Kordia, Regina and Schneider”
e2“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Most symptomatic samples showed sessile, pulvinate sporodochia on sweet cherry.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- sporodochiae0
- Qualifier
- yellowish to orange/red, sessile, semi-immersed to erumpent, mostly solitary, pulvinatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the symptomatic samples exhibited yellowish to orange/red, sessile, semi-immersed to erumpent, mostly solitary, pulvinate sporodochia”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Samples collected in winter 2023 contained reddish, warted, globose, predominantly caespitose perithecia.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- peritheciae0
- Qualifier
- reddish, warted, globose, predominantly caespitosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, samples collected in winter 2023 contained reddish, warted, globose, predominantly caespitose perithecia”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Conidia of the fungus measured 4.8-5.9 × 2.2-2.9 µm.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- conidiae0
- Value
- 4.8-5.9 × 2.2-2.9 µme0
- Qualifier
- cylindrical to fusiform, hyaline, non-septatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microscopic analysis of the sporodochia showed cylindrical to fusiform, hyaline, non-septate conidia, 4.8-5.9 × 2.2-2.9 µm (n=25)”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Asci of the fungus measured 95.6-68 x 13.3-11.8 µm.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- ascie0
- Value
- 95,6-68 x 13,3-11,8 µme0
- Qualifier
- cylindrical to clavatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The perithecia contained cylindrical to clavate asci 95,6-68 x 13,3-11,8 µm (n=25)”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascospores of the fungus measured 20-25 × 3-6 µm.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- ascosporese0
- Value
- 20-25 × 3-6 µme0
- Qualifier
- eight, ellipsoidal, hyaline, one septume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with eight, ellipsoidal, hyaline, one septum, ascospores 20-25 × 3-6 µm (n=25)”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphometric features of the fungus matched the description of Nectria dematiosa.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosae0pathogen
- Outcome
- morphometric featurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The macro and micro morphometric features of the fungus accorded with the description of Hirooka et al. (2011; 2012) for Nectria dematiosa”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonies of the isolates had whitish, radial, slightly cottony aerial mycelium typical of N. dematiosa.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- N. dematiosaNectria dematiosae0pathogen
- Outcome
- aerial myceliume0
- Qualifier
- whitish, radial, slightly cottonye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonies developed whitish, radial, slightly cottony aerial mycelium, typical of N. dematiosa”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolates clustered with N. dematiosa reference strains in maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- N. dematiosaNectria dematiosae0pathogen
- Outcome
- clustered them with N. dematiosa reference strainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis clustered them with N. dematiosa reference strains in a phylogenetic tree”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sweetheart was the most susceptible sweet cherry variety to N. dematiosa isolates, with internal discoloration of 25.9 cm.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Material
- Sweethearte0
- Treatment
- inoculated with six isolates of N. dematiosae1
- Interactor
- N. dematiosaNectria dematiosae1pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 25.9 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The varieties differed in their susceptibility to the isolates, with Sweetheart being the most susceptible (25.9 cm) and Bing the least (13.3 cm)”
e1“30 cm sweet cherry cuttings of vars. Lapins, Sweetheart, Regina, Kordia, Bing and Skeena were inoculated with six isolates of N. dematiosa”
Claim · model-written summary
Bing was the least susceptible sweet cherry variety to N. dematiosa isolates, with internal discoloration of 13.3 cm.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Material
- Binge0
- Treatment
- inoculated with six isolates of N. dematiosae1
- Interactor
- N. dematiosaNectria dematiosae1pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 13.3 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The varieties differed in their susceptibility to the isolates, with Sweetheart being the most susceptible (25.9 cm) and Bing the least (13.3 cm)”
e1“30 cm sweet cherry cuttings of vars. Lapins, Sweetheart, Regina, Kordia, Bing and Skeena were inoculated with six isolates of N. dematiosa”
Claim · model-written summary
The pathogen produced symptoms of 4 to 18 cm on inoculated nursery sweet cherry plants of var. Lapins.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume3
- Material
- Lapinse1
- Treatment
- inoculated with isolate RGM 3594e1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptomse0
- Value
- 4 to 18 cme0
- Comparator
- sterile agare2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen was also able to produce symptoms on nursery plants (4 to 18 cm)”
e1“nursery 3 years potted plants var. Lapins were inoculated with isolate RGM 3594”
e2“Controls were inoculated with sterile agar for both tests”
e3“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
Sporodochia developed on inoculated sweet cherry tissue.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- sporodochia developed on inoculated tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, sporodochia developed on inoculated tissue”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus was reisolated from inoculated sweet cherry wood in both pathogenicity tests, fulfilling Koch's postulates.
- Taxon
- Sweet cherryPrunus aviume1
- Interactor
- Nectria dematiosaNectria dematiosat0pathogen
- Outcome
- reisolate the fungus from the inoculated woode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both pathogenicity tests, it was possible to reisolate the fungus from the inoculated wood, fulfilling the Koch's postulates”
e1“Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)”
t0“Nectria dematiosa Causing Cankers in Sweet Cherry”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.