Abstract
The present study aimed to identify genetic loci associated with days to heading (DTH) in wheat under autumn-sowing conditions in Korea, where early heading is critical owing to the overlap between the wheat harvest and the rainy season. We evaluated 530 wheat core collections over five years, focusing on known heading date genes VRN-1 and PPD-1, and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify new genetic loci related to DTH. The results revealed that Korean accessions exhibited the earliest DTH, with modern Korean varieties heading even earlier, reflecting a strong breeding focus on early heading. Among the existing heading date genes, VRN-1 and PPD-D1 were significantly associated with DTH in the wheat core collection. However, all Korean varieties carried the same alleles for each of VRN-A1, PPD-A1, and PPD-D1, resulting in low genetic diversity, which rendered the existing heading date genes insufficient to fully account for the variation in DTH within the Korean varieties. GWAS identified nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with DTH in Group A (entire collection filtered, n=518) and six in Group B (accessions with genotypes identical to Korean varieties filtered, n=231). Four key SNPs (AX-95222044 and AX-94685526 in Group A, and AX-94550996 and AX-94970315 in Group B) were selected based on their effect sizes on DTH. In both groups, accessions with alleles for early heading at both of the selected SNPs exhibited the earliest DTH, advancing by 7.7 to 8.9 days. These findings suggest that the selected SNPs, particularly those reflecting the genotypes of Korean varieties, effectively explain the variations in DTH among Korean varieties and could enhance wheat breeding efficiency in Korea. Further research is needed to validate the four selected SNPs and identify the underlying genes, which could serve as valuable markers for developing early-heading wheat varieties suited to Korean autumn-sowing conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Korean accessions had the earliest heading date, with modern Korean varieties earlier still.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Korean accessionse0
- Outcome
- DTHe0
- Direction
- earlieste0
- Setting
- Koreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Korean accessions exhibited the earliest DTH, with modern Korean varieties heading even earlier”
t0“wheat heading date variation under autumn-sowing conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
VRN-1 was significantly associated with wheat days to heading.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- VRN-1e0
- Outcome
- DTHe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VRN-1 and PPD-D1 were significantly associated with DTH in the wheat core collection”
Claim · model-written summary
PPD-D1 was significantly associated with wheat days to heading.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- PPD-D1e0
- Outcome
- DTHe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VRN-1 and PPD-D1 were significantly associated with DTH in the wheat core collection”
Claim · model-written summary
Korean varieties shared alleles at VRN-A1, PPD-A1 and PPD-D1, leaving low diversity at those genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Korean varietiese0
- Gene
- VRN-A1, PPD-A1, and PPD-D1e0
- Outcome
- low genetic diversitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all Korean varieties carried the same alleles for each of VRN-A1, PPD-A1, and PPD-D1, resulting in low genetic diversity”
t0“wheat heading date variation”
Claim · model-written summary
Existing heading-date genes were insufficient to explain heading-date variation within Korean varieties.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- existing heading date genese0
- Outcome
- variation in DTHe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the existing heading date genes insufficient to fully account for the variation in DTH within the Korean varieties”
t0“wheat heading date variation”
Claim · model-written summary
GWAS identified nine DTH-associated SNPs in Group A.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with DTHe0
- Value
- ninee0
- Qualifier
- Group A (entire collection filtered, n=518)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GWAS identified nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with DTH in Group A (entire collection filtered, n=518)”
t0“wheat heading date variation”
Claim · model-written summary
GWAS identified six DTH-associated SNPs in Group B.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- heading date variationt0
- Value
- sixe0
- Qualifier
- Group B (accessions with genotypes identical to Korean varieties filtered, n=231)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and six in Group B (accessions with genotypes identical to Korean varieties filtered, n=231)”
t0“wheat heading date variation”
Claim · model-written summary
Four SNPs were selected for their effects on days to heading.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- AX-95222044 and AX-94685526e0
- Outcome
- effect sizes on DTHe0
- Value
- Foure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four key SNPs (AX-95222044 and AX-94685526 in Group A, and AX-94550996 and AX-94970315 in Group B) were selected based on their effect sizes on DTH”
t0“wheat heading date variation”
Claim · model-written summary
Accessions with both early-heading alleles headed earliest, 7.7 to 8.9 days earlier.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- selected SNPse0
- Outcome
- DTHe0
- Direction
- advancinge0
- Value
- 7.7 to 8.9 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accessions with alleles for early heading at both of the selected SNPs exhibited the earliest DTH, advancing by 7.7 to 8.9 days”
t0“wheat heading date variation”
Claim · model-written summary
The selected SNPs were interpreted as explaining DTH variation and potentially improving breeding efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- selected SNPse0
- Outcome
- variations in DTHe0
- Setting
- Koreae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the selected SNPs, particularly those reflecting the genotypes of Korean varieties, effectively explain the variations in DTH among Korean varieties and could enhance wheat breeding efficiency in Korea”