Abstract
Within-tree variations in wood properties are important considerations for optimal utilisation, especially for lesser-known species like the tropical palm Hyphaene compressa . However, little is known about the extent and pattern of such variation in palm species, particularly in H. compressa , which is increasingly harvested for timber but lacks detailed physical property characterisation. This study investigated the patterns of moisture content (MC), basic density (BD), and shrinkage (volumetric, longitudinal, radial, and tangential) within a single opportunistically selected, 30-year-old, H. compressa tree across its main stem (MS) and first two branching levels. MC increased significantly from the MS (19.1 ± 9.73%) to the second branching level (73.4 ± 16.20%), while BD exhibited a decreasing trend (0.863 ± 0.069 gcm −3 to 0.562 ± 0.045 gcm −3 ). Longitudinal shrinkage was lowest at the first branching level (0.31 ± 0.15%) compared to the MS (0.50 ± 0.20%) and second branch (0.72 ± 0.53%). Radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage increased progressively outwards, peaking at the second branch (6.88 + 1.95%, 5.88 ± 1.50% and 13.0 ± 3.04%, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed positive relationships between MC and shrinkage properties, but negative correlations between BD and shrinkage. K-means clustering distinguished two clusters primarily driven by differences in BD, MC, and radial and tangential shrinkage. The results present distinct within-tree property patterns in H. compressa that should be considered during processing and utilisation of this palm species for value-added wood products.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture content increased from the main stem to the second branch.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressa
Hyphaene compressat0 - Outcome
- MCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 73.4 ± 16.20%e0
- Comparator
- MSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MC increased significantly from the MS (19.1 ± 9.73%) to the second branching level (73.4 ± 16.20%)”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Basic density decreased toward the second branch.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressaHyphaene compressat0
- Outcome
- BDe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 0.562 ± 0.045 gcm −3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BD exhibited a decreasing trend (0.863 ± 0.069 gcm −3 to 0.562 ± 0.045 gcm −3 )”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Longitudinal shrinkage was lowest at the first branching level.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressaHyphaene compressat0
- Organ / stage
- first branching levele0
- Outcome
- Longitudinal shrinkagee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.31 ± 0.15%e0
- Comparator
- MSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Longitudinal shrinkage was lowest at the first branching level (0.31 ± 0.15%) compared to the MS (0.50 ± 0.20%) and second branch (0.72 ± 0.53%)”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Radial shrinkage increased outward to the second branch.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressaHyphaene compressat0
- Organ / stage
- second branche0
- Outcome
- Radiale0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.88 + 1.95%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage increased progressively outwards, peaking at the second branch (6.88 + 1.95%, 5.88 ± 1.50% and 13.0 ± 3.04%, respectively)”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Tangential shrinkage increased outward to the second branch.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressaHyphaene compressat0
- Outcome
- tangentiale0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.88 ± 1.50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage increased progressively outwards, peaking at the second branch (6.88 + 1.95%, 5.88 ± 1.50% and 13.0 ± 3.04%, respectively)”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Volumetric shrinkage increased outward to the second branch.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressaHyphaene compressat0
- Outcome
- volumetric shrinkagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.0 ± 3.04%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage increased progressively outwards, peaking at the second branch (6.88 + 1.95%, 5.88 ± 1.50% and 13.0 ± 3.04%, respectively)”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture content correlated positively with shrinkage.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressaHyphaene compressat0
- Outcome
- shrinkage propertiese0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedCompoundOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive relationships between MC and shrinkage properties”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Basic density correlated negatively with shrinkage.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressaHyphaene compressat0
- Outcome
- shrinkagee0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- BDe0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative correlations between BD and shrinkage”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Clustering distinguished two wood property groups.
- Taxon
- Hyphaene compressaHyphaene compressat0
- Outcome
- two clusterse0
- Value
- two clusterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K-means clustering distinguished two clusters primarily driven by differences in BD, MC, and radial and tangential shrinkage”
t0“Hyphaene compressa”
Claim · model-written summary
Within-tree property patterns should inform processing and utilisation.
- Taxon
- H. compressaHyphaene compressae0
- Outcome
- processing and utilisatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“distinct within-tree property patterns in H. compressa that should be considered during processing and utilisation of this palm species for value-added wood products”