Abstract
During spring–summer 2023 and 2024, an Artemisia annua crop was carried out, using two planting densities (20D = 5.0 plants m−2; 40D = 2.5 plants m−2). Morphological traits were measured, including height, stem number, diameter, weight, and dry above-ground biomass. The aerial parts were hydro-distilled, and the essential oil (EO) yield increased from the 1st to 2nd year, from 0.117 to 0.439% for 20D and from 0.157 to 0.550% for 40D. There were significant variations in chemical composition between the years, with an increase in the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes in the 2nd year and the disappearance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. In the 1st year, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main class, while in the 2nd, oxygenated monoterpenes predominated. The main components were artemisia ketone (8.05–65.77%), eucalyptol (4.70–13.14%), and β-selinene (5.38–37.53%), present in all the EOs, and trans-caryophyllene (11.65%), present only in the 1st year EOs. The possible phytotoxicity of the EOs on seeds of plants found in the A. annua crops was evaluated. The most susceptible seeds were Sinapis alba, Papaver rhoeas, and Portulaca oleracea. The phytotoxicity was greater in the 2nd year, with more marked effects on the germination of P. rhoeas and P. oleracea (up to 100%). The inhibition of root elongation reached 100% for those at the higher concentrations tested.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil yield increased from year one to year two for 20D density, from 0.117 to 0.439%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“essential oil (EO) yield increased from the 1st to 2nd year, from 0.117 to 0.439% for 20D”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil yield increased from year one to year two for 40D density, from 0.157 to 0.550%.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.
Artemisia annuat0 - Treatment
- 40De0
- Outcome
- essential oil (EO) yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.157 to 0.550%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“essential oil (EO) yield increased from the 1st to 2nd year, from 0.117 to 0.439% for 20D and from 0.157 to 0.550% for 40D”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygenated monoterpenes increased in year two.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Outcome
- presence of oxygenated monoterpenese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“an increase in the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes in the 2nd year”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes disappeared in year two.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Outcome
- disappearance of oxygenated sesquiterpenese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“the disappearance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the principal oil class in year one.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Outcome
- sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main classe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“In the 1st year, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main class”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygenated monoterpenes predominated in year two.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Outcome
- oxygenated monoterpenes predominatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“in the 2nd, oxygenated monoterpenes predominated”
Claim · model-written summary
Artemisia ketone was present in all essential oils at 8.05–65.77%.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Outcome
- artemisia ketonee0
- Value
- 8.05–65.77%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“artemisia ketone (8.05–65.77%), eucalyptol (4.70–13.14%), and β-selinene (5.38–37.53%), present in all the EOs”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptol was present in all essential oils at 4.70–13.14%.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Outcome
- eucalyptole0
- Value
- 4.70–13.14%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“eucalyptol (4.70–13.14%), and β-selinene (5.38–37.53%), present in all the EOs”
Claim · model-written summary
β-selinene was present in all essential oils at 5.38–37.53%.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Outcome
- β-selinenee0
- Value
- 5.38–37.53%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“β-selinene (5.38–37.53%), present in all the EOs”
Claim · model-written summary
Trans-caryophyllene at 11.65% appeared only in first-year essential oils.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Outcome
- trans-caryophyllenee0
- Value
- 11.65%e0
- Qualifier
- only in the 1st year EOse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“trans-caryophyllene (11.65%), present only in the 1st year EOs”
Claim · model-written summary
Sinapis alba seeds were among the most susceptible to the essential oils.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Treatment
- EOse1
- Interactor
- Sinapis alba
Sinapis albae0weed - Outcome
- Sinapis albae0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“The most susceptible seeds were Sinapis alba, Papaver rhoeas, and Portulaca oleracea”
e1“The possible phytotoxicity of the EOs on seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Papaver rhoeas seeds were among the most susceptible to the essential oils.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Treatment
- EOse1
- Interactor
- Papaver rhoeas
Papaver rhoease0weed - Outcome
- Papaver rhoease0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“The most susceptible seeds were Sinapis alba, Papaver rhoeas, and Portulaca oleracea”
e1“The possible phytotoxicity of the EOs on seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Portulaca oleracea seeds were among the most susceptible to the essential oils.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Treatment
- EOse1
- Interactor
- Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleraceae0weed - Outcome
- Portulaca oleraceae0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“The most susceptible seeds were Sinapis alba, Papaver rhoeas, and Portulaca oleracea”
e1“The possible phytotoxicity of the EOs on seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Second-year oils had greater phytotoxicity, with up to 100% germination effects on P. rhoeas and P. oleracea.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Treatment
- 2nd yeare0
- Interactor
- P. rhoeasPapaver rhoease0weed
- Second interactor
- P. oleraceaPortulaca oleraceae0weed
- Outcome
- germination of P. rhoeas and P. oleraceae0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- up to 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“The phytotoxicity was greater in the 2nd year, with more marked effects on the germination of P. rhoeas and P. oleracea (up to 100%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root elongation inhibition reached 100% at higher tested oil concentrations.
- Taxon
- Artemisia annua L.Artemisia annuat0
- Treatment
- higher concentrations testede0
- Interactor
- P. rhoeasPapaver rhoease1weed
- Second interactor
- P. oleraceaPortulaca oleraceae1weed
- Outcome
- inhibition of root elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artemisia annua L.”
e0“The inhibition of root elongation reached 100% for those at the higher concentrations tested”
e1“P. rhoeas and P. oleracea”