Abstract
Microbial seed coating is an effective method to improve seed performance and alleviate salt stress. However, insufficient microbial survival rate and short storage period are the key factors limiting the use of microbial seed coating agents. In this study, we screened a growth-promoting functional strain from wheat rhizosphere. This strain was encapsulated within potassium alginate (A)/pectin (P) microcapsules to develop a microbial seed coating agent. The encapsulation process was optimized to achieve high efficiency, and the resulting microcapsules were evaluated for storage stability. Coated seeds were tested under salt stress (mild and severe) conditions to assess germination rates, biomass accumulation, root growth, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase), oxidation markers (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde), and plant hormones (auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, and cytokinin). Functional strain (Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis) isolated from wheat rhizosphere have the ability to produce auxin, catalase and siderophores. The embedding rate of A/P microcapsules reached 79.67% after optimization. After 28 days of storage, compared with the control (uncoated bacteria), the survival rate of microcapsules was significantly increased by 27.96%. Under salt stress, compared with the blank control, A/P-coated seeds increased the germination rate (up to 18.33%), biomass and root growth. The chlorophyll content and activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) increased by 19.86–66.07%, 6.64–13.52%, 5.35–5.41%, and 2.28%, respectively. The contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde decreased by 4.39% and 9.29–18.42%, respectively, the auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin levels in wheat significantly increased by 8.06–9.68%, 8.32%, and 12.93–20.72%, respectively. This study demonstrates that A/P microcapsules effectively enhance the survival and functionality of P. suwonensis as a seed coating agent, significantly improving wheat's salt stress tolerance. The microencapsulated coating prolongs microbial viability during storage while promoting plant growth through biochemical mechanisms, providing an effective microbial coating carrier for crops under salt stress in agricultural production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The isolated Pseudoxanthomonas strain produced auxin, catalase and siderophores.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensisPseudoxanthomonas suwonensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- produce auxin, catalase and siderophorese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Functional strain (Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis) isolated from wheat rhizosphere have the ability to produce auxin, catalase and siderophores”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized A/P microcapsules reached a 79.67% embedding rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- embedding ratee0
- Value
- 79.67%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“The embedding rate of A/P microcapsules reached 79.67% after optimization”
Claim · model-written summary
Microcapsule survival after storage increased by 27.96% relative to uncoated bacteria.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- survival rate of microcapsulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.96%e0
- Qualifier
- After 28 days of storagee0
- Comparator
- uncoated bacteriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“After 28 days of storage, compared with the control (uncoated bacteria), the survival rate of microcapsules was significantly increased by 27.96%”
Claim · model-written summary
A/P coating increased wheat germination under salt stress by up to 18.33%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse0
- Outcome
- germination ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 18.33%e0
- Qualifier
- Under salt stresse0
- Comparator
- blank controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Under salt stress, compared with the blank control, A/P-coated seeds increased the germination rate (up to 18.33%), biomass and root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
A/P coating increased wheat biomass and root growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse0
- Outcome
- biomass and root growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Under salt stresse0
- Comparator
- blank controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Under salt stress, compared with the blank control, A/P-coated seeds increased the germination rate (up to 18.33%), biomass and root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating increased chlorophyll content by 19.86–66.07%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.86–66.07%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“The chlorophyll content and activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) increased by 19.86–66.07%, 6.64–13.52%, 5.35–5.41%, and 2.28%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating increased peroxidase activity by 6.64–13.52%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.64–13.52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) increased by 19.86–66.07%, 6.64–13.52%, 5.35–5.41%, and 2.28%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating increased catalase activity by 5.35–5.41%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.35–5.41%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) increased by 19.86–66.07%, 6.64–13.52%, 5.35–5.41%, and 2.28%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating increased superoxide dismutase activity by 2.28%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) increased by 19.86–66.07%, 6.64–13.52%, 5.35–5.41%, and 2.28%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating decreased hydrogen peroxide content by 4.39%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- contents of hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4.39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“The contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde decreased by 4.39% and 9.29–18.42%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating decreased malondialdehyde content by 9.29–18.42%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.29–18.42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“The contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde decreased by 4.39% and 9.29–18.42%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating increased wheat auxin by 8.06–9.68%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- auxine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.06–9.68%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin levels in wheat significantly increased by 8.06–9.68%, 8.32%, and 12.93–20.72%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating increased wheat gibberellin by 8.32%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- gibberelline0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin levels in wheat significantly increased by 8.06–9.68%, 8.32%, and 12.93–20.72%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating increased wheat cytokinin by 12.93–20.72%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- A/P-coated seedse1
- Outcome
- cytokinine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.93–20.72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin levels in wheat significantly increased by 8.06–9.68%, 8.32%, and 12.93–20.72%, respectively”
e1“A/P-coated seeds”