Abstract
BACKGROUND: Wheat, a primary cereal crop, is crucial in addressing global food security. Understanding genetic diversity and conserving wheat germplasm is essential for developing cultivars resilient to climate change. This study investigates grain quality, nutritional profiles, and genetic diversity across a selection of Egyptian and internationally sourced wheat cultivars. Physical and chemical analyses were conducted to assess grain/flour quality, hardness, and micronutrient content. Genetic diversity was evaluated using protein profiling, SCoT markers, and rbcL chloroplast DNA barcoding, chosen for its highly conserved nature and proven utility in plant species identification and phylogenetic analysis, making it a reliable marker for assessing genetic relationships among wheat cultivars. The findings from this study revealed distinct patterns of genetic variation and highlight valuable traits within the germplasm, providing crucial information for developing wheat cultivars adapted to diverse climatic conditions. RESULTS: Physical and biochemical analyses revealed that two Egyptian cultivars, Sohag 5 and Misr 1, exhibited superior quality and nutritional value among the nine evaluated wheat cultivars. Both showed favorable physical properties (e.g., grain weight, falling number, gluten content). Sohag 5 was notably rich in carbohydrates, protein content, and essential minerals (zinc, calcium, magnesium), while Misr 1 also maintained healthy carbohydrate and gluten levels. Genetic diversity analysis, employing SDS-PAGE protein profiling and SCoT markers, effectively differentiated the wheat cultivars. These molecular markers consistently grouped the cultivars, generally distinguished between bread wheat and durum wheat varieties, and provided insights into the genetic relationships between Egyptian and imported lines. While the specific clustering patterns varied between marker types, particularly with rbcL sequences providing a distinct grouping since the rbcL chloroplast gene exhibited limited resolution for differentiating closely related cultivars. The combined genetic data confirmed significant diversity within the germplasm. Overall, the analysis identified two primary genetic groups among the cultivars, with Group I comprising seven diverse cultivars and Group II containing two distinct cultivars (Benisuif 6 and Sohag 5). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the investigated Egyptian wheat cultivars demonstrated competitive or superior performance in standard physical and nutritional parameters compared to the imported varieties, with Sohag 5 and Misr 1 notably excelling in grain quality and micronutrient content. The genetic diversity analysis, incorporating protein profiling, SCoT markers, and rbcL chloroplast DNA barcoding, effectively characterized the genetic landscape of the cultivars. A key finding was the consistent genetic distinction of specific Egyptian cultivars, notably Sohag 5 and Benisuif 6, which clustered uniquely, aligning with their classification as durum wheat varieties. This revealed genetic relationships, alongside the identified superior traits (e.g., in Sohag 5), provides valuable insights that can be strategically utilized in breeding programs to develop new wheat cultivars with enhanced quality and adaptability to diverse climatic conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Sohag 5 showed superior quality and nutritional value among nine cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- Sohag 5e0
- Outcome
- quality and nutritional valuee0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- nine evaluated wheat cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two Egyptian cultivars, Sohag 5 and Misr 1, exhibited superior quality and nutritional value among the nine evaluated wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Misr 1 showed superior quality and nutritional value among nine cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Misr 1e0
- Outcome
- quality and nutritional valuee0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- nine evaluated wheat cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two Egyptian cultivars, Sohag 5 and Misr 1, exhibited superior quality and nutritional value among the nine evaluated wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cultivars had favorable grain weight, falling number and gluten content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- Sohag 5 and Misr 1e1
- Outcome
- grain weight, falling number, gluten contente0
- Direction
- favorablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both showed favorable physical properties (e.g., grain weight, falling number, gluten content)”
e1“two Egyptian cultivars, Sohag 5 and Misr 1, exhibited superior quality and nutritional value among the nine evaluated wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Sohag 5 was rich in carbohydrates, protein and essential minerals.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sohag 5e0
- Outcome
- carbohydrates, protein content, and essential mineralse0
- Direction
- riche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sohag 5 was notably rich in carbohydrates, protein content, and essential minerals (zinc, calcium, magnesium)”
t0“wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Misr 1 maintained healthy carbohydrate and gluten levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Misr 1e0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate and gluten levelse0
- Direction
- healthye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Misr 1 also maintained healthy carbohydrate and gluten levels”
t0“wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
SDS-PAGE and SCoT markers differentiated the cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- differentiated the wheat cultivarse0
- Qualifier
- SDS-PAGE protein profiling and SCoT markerse0
- Comparator
- wheat cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genetic diversity analysis, employing SDS-PAGE protein profiling and SCoT markers, effectively differentiated the wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The markers generally distinguished bread from durum wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- distinguished between bread wheat and durum wheat varietiese0
- Comparator
- bread wheat and durum wheat varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These molecular markers consistently grouped the cultivars, generally distinguished between bread wheat and durum wheat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Marker types yielded varying clustering patterns.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- clustering patternse0
- Comparator
- marker typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the specific clustering patterns varied between marker types”
t0“wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
rbcL had limited resolution for closely related cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- rbcLe0
- Outcome
- resolution for differentiating closely related cultivarse0
- Direction
- limitede0
- Comparator
- closely related cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rbcL chloroplast gene exhibited limited resolution for differentiating closely related cultivars”
t0“wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined genetic data confirmed significant germplasm diversity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- diversity within the germplasme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined genetic data confirmed significant diversity within the germplasm”
t0“wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The cultivars formed two genetic groups, one of seven and one of two.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- two primary genetic groupse0
- Value
- two primary genetic groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two primary genetic groups among the cultivars, with Group I comprising seven diverse cultivars and Group II containing two distinct cultivars (Benisuif 6 and Sohag 5)”
t0“wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The Egyptian cultivars were competitive or superior in physical and nutritional parameters to imported varieties.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Egyptian wheat cultivarse0
- Outcome
- physical and nutritional parameterse0
- Direction
- competitive or superiore0
- Comparator
- imported varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Egyptian wheat cultivars demonstrated competitive or superior performance in standard physical and nutritional parameters compared to the imported varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Sohag 5 and Benisuif 6 clustered uniquely as durum wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sohag 5 and Benisuif 6e0
- Outcome
- clustered uniquelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sohag 5 and Benisuif 6, which clustered uniquely, aligning with their classification as durum wheat varieties”