Abstract
Low-temperature stress (LTS) is a major limiting factor for rice production in high-latitude regions. Many studies have reported the impacts of LTS on leaf photosynthesis and yield, but few of them explored the response of photosynthesis, chloroplast ultrastructure, pollen fertility, cold stress adaptation to LTS at different growth stages of rice. In this study, we conducted a two-year temperature-controlled field experiment (in 2023 and 2024) to investigate the effects of LTS at the tillering, booting, and heading stages on physiological and biochemical characteristics, plant growth, pollen fertility, and grain yield for a japonica rice cultivar (Longgeng31). The results showed that rice photosynthesis gradually decreased as the LTS temperature was decreasing and the LTS duration was increasing. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased the most at the booting stage, followed by the tillering, and the heading stages. Compared with controlled group (CK), the LTS treatment at 11.5°C for 3-10 days significantly reduced Pn by 52.2% ~ 62.7%, 85.3% ~ 93.9% and 39.3% ~ 44.9%, at the tillering stage, booting and heading stages respectively. Increasing LTS intensity and duration caused distorted chloroplast morphology and reduced plant height. The concentrations of the antioxidant and osmotic regulation systems in rice peaked after 7 days of LTS treatment, indicating that the stress response to LTS showed a trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing. The grain yield decreased the most under LTS at the booting stage by 59.30%-88.76% on D10, followed by the heading and tillering stages. After 10 days of exposure to LTS, the pollen viability decreased most significantly at the heading stage by 44.67%, followed by the booting and the tillering stages. These findings could provide a theoretical basis for identifying and evaluating LTS in rice under field conditions, and provide a methodological reference for the identification and monitoring of LTS in other crops, thereby holding significant practical implications.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
LTS at 11.5°C for 3-10 days reduced net photosynthetic rate by 52.2% to 62.7% at the tillering stage compared with controls.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Longgeng31e0
- Organ / stage
- tillering stagee1
- Treatment
- LTS treatment at 11.5°C for 3-10 dayse1
- Outcome
- Pne1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 52.2% ~ 62.7%e1
- Comparator
- controlled group (CK)e1
- Setting
- temperature-controlled field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e0“a two-year temperature-controlled field experiment (in 2023 and 2024) to investigate the effects of LTS at the tillering, booting, and heading stages on physiological and biochemical characteristics, plant growth, pollen fertility, and grain yield for a japonica rice cultivar (Longgeng31)”
e1“Compared with controlled group (CK), the LTS treatment at 11.5°C for 3-10 days significantly reduced Pn by 52.2% ~ 62.7%, 85.3% ~ 93.9% and 39.3% ~ 44.9%, at the tillering stage, booting and heading stages respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
LTS at 11.5°C for 3-10 days reduced net photosynthetic rate by 85.3% to 93.9% at the booting stage compared with controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Longgeng31e0
- Organ / stage
- bootinge1
- Treatment
- LTS treatment at 11.5°C for 3-10 dayse1
- Outcome
- Pne1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 85.3% ~ 93.9%e1
- Comparator
- controlled group (CK)e1
- Setting
- temperature-controlled field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e0“a two-year temperature-controlled field experiment (in 2023 and 2024) to investigate the effects of LTS at the tillering, booting, and heading stages on physiological and biochemical characteristics, plant growth, pollen fertility, and grain yield for a japonica rice cultivar (Longgeng31)”
e1“Compared with controlled group (CK), the LTS treatment at 11.5°C for 3-10 days significantly reduced Pn by 52.2% ~ 62.7%, 85.3% ~ 93.9% and 39.3% ~ 44.9%, at the tillering stage, booting and heading stages respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
LTS at 11.5°C for 3-10 days reduced net photosynthetic rate by 39.3% to 44.9% at the heading stage compared with controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Longgeng31e0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagese1
- Treatment
- LTS treatment at 11.5°C for 3-10 dayse1
- Outcome
- Pne1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 39.3% ~ 44.9%e1
- Comparator
- controlled group (CK)e1
- Setting
- temperature-controlled field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e0“a two-year temperature-controlled field experiment (in 2023 and 2024) to investigate the effects of LTS at the tillering, booting, and heading stages on physiological and biochemical characteristics, plant growth, pollen fertility, and grain yield for a japonica rice cultivar (Longgeng31)”
e1“Compared with controlled group (CK), the LTS treatment at 11.5°C for 3-10 days significantly reduced Pn by 52.2% ~ 62.7%, 85.3% ~ 93.9% and 39.3% ~ 44.9%, at the tillering stage, booting and heading stages respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Net photosynthetic rate decreased the most at the booting stage under low-temperature stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- booting stagee2
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (Pn)e2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e2“The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased the most at the booting stage, followed by the tillering, and the heading stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice photosynthesis gradually decreased as LTS temperature decreased and LTS duration increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- LTS temperaturee3
- Outcome
- photosynthesise3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e3“rice photosynthesis gradually decreased as the LTS temperature was decreasing and the LTS duration was increasing”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing LTS intensity and duration caused distorted chloroplast morphology.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Increasing LTS intensity and duratione4
- Outcome
- chloroplast morphologye4
- Qualifier
- distortede4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e4“Increasing LTS intensity and duration caused distorted chloroplast morphology and reduced plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing LTS intensity and duration reduced plant height.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Increasing LTS intensity and duratione4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e4“Increasing LTS intensity and duration caused distorted chloroplast morphology and reduced plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of antioxidant and osmotic regulation systems peaked after 7 days of LTS treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- LTS treatmente5
- Outcome
- concentrations of the antioxidant and osmotic regulation systemse5
- Direction
- peakede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The concentrations of the antioxidant and osmotic regulation systems in rice peaked after 7 days of LTS treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The stress response to LTS initially increased and then decreased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- LTSe6
- Outcome
- stress responsee6
- Direction
- initially increasinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e6“indicating that the stress response to LTS showed a trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield decreased by 59.30% to 88.76% under LTS at the booting stage on D10.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- booting stagee7
- Treatment
- LTSe7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 59.30%-88.76%e7
- Qualifier
- on D10e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e7“The grain yield decreased the most under LTS at the booting stage by 59.30%-88.76% on D10, followed by the heading and tillering stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield decreased under LTS more at the heading and tillering stages after booting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading and tillering stagese7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e7“The grain yield decreased the most under LTS at the booting stage by 59.30%-88.76% on D10, followed by the heading and tillering stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen viability decreased by 44.67% at the heading stage after 10 days of LTS exposure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee1
- Treatment
- exposure to LTSe1
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 44.67%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e1“After 10 days of exposure to LTS, the pollen viability decreased most significantly at the heading stage by 44.67%, followed by the booting and the tillering stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen viability decreased after LTS more at the booting and tillering stages than at the heading stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- booting and the tillering stagese1
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of low-temperature stress at different growth stages on rice physiology”
e1“After 10 days of exposure to LTS, the pollen viability decreased most significantly at the heading stage by 44.67%, followed by the booting and the tillering stages”
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