Abstract
P. retrofractum leaves are widely cultivated by the community to be used as traditional medicine, this is because of its secondary metabolite content which has several bioactive components such as steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and has pyhtol and piperine compounds as dominant compounds that have antimicrobial potential. This study aims to determine flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic test of P. retrofractum leaf extract. The extraction method used was Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) with 3 solvents of different polarity, namely n-Hexan, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol. Determination of flavonoid content using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method, determination of antioxidant activity using DPPH method and cytotoxic activity test using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Antibacterial activity test was conducted by measuring the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (KHM) and Diameter of Inhibitory Area (DDH). KHM test was done by agar dilution method, DDH test by disc paper diffusion method. The results of the extraction of P retrofractum leaves produce the highest yield is ethanol extract which is 9.92%. The result of determining the highest flavanoid content is 70% ethanol extract at 1.2702%. The strongest antioxidant activity is 70% ethanol extract with an IC 50value of 40.7475 ppm with a very strong category. The results of the cytotoxic test showed that the three types of extracts were toxic because they had LC50 less than 1000 µg/mL. The best KHM result for S. mutans is 10% n-hexane extract and 10% ethyl acetate and for Candida albicans is 5% n-hexane extract. The best DDH of S. mutans was 20% n-hexane extract with a value of 17.37 mm approaching Susceptible (Intermedate) and the best DDH of Candida albicans was obtained by 20% n-Hexan extract with an average DDH of 17.12 mm approaching Susceptible (Intermedate).
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol extract gave the highest leaf extraction yield, 9.92%.
- Taxon
- P retrofractum
Piper retrofractume0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- ethanol extracte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.92%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the extraction of P retrofractum leaves produce the highest yield is ethanol extract which is 9.92%”
Claim · model-written summary
The 70% ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid content, 1.2702%.
- Taxon
- P. retrofractumPiper retrofractume1
- Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- 70% ethanol extracte0
- Outcome
- flavanoid contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.2702%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The result of determining the highest flavanoid content is 70% ethanol extract at 1.2702%”
e1“P. retrofractum leaf extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The 70% ethanol extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC50 of 40.7475 ppm.
- Taxon
- P. retrofractumPiper retrofractume1
- Treatment
- 70% ethanol extracte0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- strongeste0
- Value
- 40.7475 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strongest antioxidant activity is 70% ethanol extract with an IC 50value of 40.7475 ppm with a very strong category”
e1“P. retrofractum leaf extract”
Claim · model-written summary
All three extracts were cytotoxic with LC50 below 1000 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- P. retrofractumPiper retrofractume1
- Outcome
- LC50e0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 1000 µg/mLe0
- Qualifier
- three types of extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the cytotoxic test showed that the three types of extracts were toxic because they had LC50 less than 1000 µg/mL”
e1“P. retrofractum leaf extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The best inhibitory concentration against S. mutans was obtained with 10% n-hexane extract.
- Taxon
- P. retrofractumPiper retrofractume1
- Treatment
- 10% n-hexane extracte0
- Interactor
- S. mutans
Streptococcus mutanse0other - Outcome
- KHM result for S. mutanse0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best KHM result for S. mutans is 10% n-hexane extract”
e1“P. retrofractum leaf extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The best inhibitory concentration against S. mutans was also obtained with 10% ethyl acetate.
- Taxon
- P. retrofractumPiper retrofractume1
- Treatment
- 10% ethyl acetatee0
- Interactor
- S. mutansStreptococcus mutanse0other
- Outcome
- KHM result for S. mutanse0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best KHM result for S. mutans is 10% n-hexane extract and 10% ethyl acetate”
e1“P. retrofractum leaf extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The best inhibitory concentration against Candida albicans was obtained with 5% n-hexane extract.
- Taxon
- P. retrofractumPiper retrofractume2
- Treatment
- 5% n-hexane extracte0
- Interactor
- Candida albicans
Candida albicanse0other - Outcome
- KHM resulte1
- Direction
- beste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for Candida albicans is 5% n-hexane extract”
e1“The best KHM result for S. mutans is 10% n-hexane extract and 10% ethyl acetate and for Candida albicans is 5% n-hexane extract”
e2“P. retrofractum leaf extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The best inhibition diameter against S. mutans was 17.37 mm with 20% n-hexane extract.
- Taxon
- P. retrofractumPiper retrofractume1
- Treatment
- 20% n-hexane extracte0
- Interactor
- S. mutansStreptococcus mutanse0other
- Outcome
- DDH of S. mutanse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 17.37 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best DDH of S. mutans was 20% n-hexane extract with a value of 17.37 mm approaching Susceptible (Intermedate)”
e1“P. retrofractum leaf extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The best inhibition diameter against Candida albicans was 17.12 mm with 20% n-Hexan extract.
- Taxon
- P. retrofractumPiper retrofractume1
- Treatment
- 20% n-Hexan extracte0
- Interactor
- Candida albicansCandida albicanse0other
- Outcome
- DDH of Candida albicanse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 17.12 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best DDH of Candida albicans was obtained by 20% n-Hexan extract with an average DDH of 17.12 mm approaching Susceptible (Intermedate)”
e1“P. retrofractum leaf extract”