Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Pulse Farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, during the summer season of 2024 to evaluate the energetics and economic viability of summer irrigated urdbean (Vigna mungo) under different sowing and weed management methods. A split-plot design was employed and treatments were replicated thrice. The results indicated that sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) and weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), produced the highest yields of 833 kg/ha and 850 kg/ha, respectively. In terms of energy productivity, sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot achieved 0.63 kg/MJ, followed by the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS (0.57 kg/MJ). A similar trend was observed in energy use efficiency, with values of 9.22 and 8.35, respectively. Economically, urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS. Hence, the study concluded that sowing in furrow irrigated raised beds with weed management through hand weeding and mechanical weeding at 20 DAS provides higher energy use efficiency and economic sustainability.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) yielded 833 kg/ha for highest yields.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)
Vigna mungoe7 - Treatment
- sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB)e0
- Outcome
- highest yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 833 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“The results indicated that sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) and weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), produced the highest yields of 833 kg/ha and 850 kg/ha, respectively. In terms of energy productivity, sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot achieved 0.63 kg/MJ, followed by the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS (0.57 kg/MJ). A similar trend was observed in energy use efficiency, with values of 9.22 and 8.35, respectively. Economically, urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS.”
Claim · model-written summary
weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS) yielded 850 kg/ha for highest yields.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungoe7
- Treatment
- weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS)e0
- Outcome
- highest yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 850 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“The results indicated that sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) and weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), produced the highest yields of 833 kg/ha and 850 kg/ha, respectively. In terms of energy productivity, sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot achieved 0.63 kg/MJ, followed by the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS (0.57 kg/MJ). A similar trend was observed in energy use efficiency, with values of 9.22 and 8.35, respectively. Economically, urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS.”
Claim · model-written summary
sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot yielded 0.63 kg/MJ for energy productivity.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungoe7
- Treatment
- sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plote0
- Outcome
- energy productivitye0
- Value
- 0.63 kg/MJe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“The results indicated that sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) and weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), produced the highest yields of 833 kg/ha and 850 kg/ha, respectively. In terms of energy productivity, sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot achieved 0.63 kg/MJ, followed by the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS (0.57 kg/MJ). A similar trend was observed in energy use efficiency, with values of 9.22 and 8.35, respectively. Economically, urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS.”
Claim · model-written summary
the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS yielded 0.57 kg/MJ for energy productivity.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungoe7
- Treatment
- the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DASe0
- Outcome
- energy productivitye0
- Value
- 0.57 kg/MJe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“The results indicated that sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) and weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), produced the highest yields of 833 kg/ha and 850 kg/ha, respectively. In terms of energy productivity, sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot achieved 0.63 kg/MJ, followed by the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS (0.57 kg/MJ). A similar trend was observed in energy use efficiency, with values of 9.22 and 8.35, respectively. Economically, urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS.”
Claim · model-written summary
sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot yielded 9.22 for energy use efficiency.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungoe7
- Treatment
- sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plote0
- Outcome
- energy use efficiencye0
- Value
- 9.22e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“The results indicated that sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) and weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), produced the highest yields of 833 kg/ha and 850 kg/ha, respectively. In terms of energy productivity, sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot achieved 0.63 kg/MJ, followed by the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS (0.57 kg/MJ). A similar trend was observed in energy use efficiency, with values of 9.22 and 8.35, respectively. Economically, urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS.”
Claim · model-written summary
the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS yielded 8.35 for energy use efficiency.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungoe7
- Treatment
- the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DASe0
- Outcome
- energy use efficiencye0
- Value
- 8.35e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“The results indicated that sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) and weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), produced the highest yields of 833 kg/ha and 850 kg/ha, respectively. In terms of energy productivity, sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot achieved 0.63 kg/MJ, followed by the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS (0.57 kg/MJ). A similar trend was observed in energy use efficiency, with values of 9.22 and 8.35, respectively. Economically, urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS.”
Claim · model-written summary
urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS yielded 2.01 for benefit-cost ratio.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungoe7
- Treatment
- urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DASe0
- Outcome
- benefit-cost ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.01e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“The results indicated that sowing in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) and weed management through pre-emergence application of herbicides, followed by mechanical weeding (baby weeder) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), produced the highest yields of 833 kg/ha and 850 kg/ha, respectively. In terms of energy productivity, sowing in FIRB with the weed-free plot achieved 0.63 kg/MJ, followed by the same method of planting with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by one-hand weeding at 20 DAS (0.57 kg/MJ). A similar trend was observed in energy use efficiency, with values of 9.22 and 8.35, respectively. Economically, urdbean sowing by seed drill and pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.01, followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS.”
Claim · model-written summary
FIRB with pre-emergence herbicide and mechanical weeding had the second highest benefit cost ratio.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungoe7
- Treatment
- pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DASe0
- Outcome
- followed by the sowing in FIRBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“followed by the sowing in FIRB with the pre-emergence application of herbicides followed by mechanical weeding at 20 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude raised bed sowing with hand and mechanical weeding at 20 DAS improves energy efficiency and economic sustainability.
- Taxon
- urdbean (Vigna mungo)Vigna mungoe7
- Outcome
- sowing in furrow irrigated raised beds with weed management through hand weeding and mechanical weeding at 20 DASe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“urdbean (Vigna mungo)”
e0“sowing in furrow irrigated raised beds with weed management through hand weeding and mechanical weeding at 20 DAS provides higher energy use efficiency and economic sustainability”
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