Abstract
Introduction Intercropping tobacco with other crops has been shown to upregulate soil health by fostering synergistic interactions between physicochemical and microbial properties. This study aims to evaluate the impact of intercropping on physicochemical attributes, rhizospheric microbial community, and functional dynamics of soil cultivated with tobacco plants. Methods A field experiment was comprised with five treatments, such as tobacco monoculture (TT), soybean monoculture (SS), maize monoculture (MM), tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS), and tobacco–maize intercropping (TM). Soil nutrients observed, while bacterial and fungal community profiles were assessed through high-throughput sequencing targeting the 16S rDNA and ITS hypervariable regions. Microbial interactions and network resilience were assessed through co-occurrence network analysis. Results Intercropping significantly improved the soil nutrient properties. Compared with tobacco monoculture (TT), the tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS) treatment enhanced cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) by 13.9, 13.9, 43.8, and 129.1%, respectively. Tobacco–maize intercropping (TM) enhanced CEC (26.7%) and AK (9.7%). Both intercropping models significantly increased bacterial species richness in tobacco soil, whereas fungal diversity was more pronounced under monoculture conditions. Intercropping favored the proliferation of Proteobacteria and Basidiomycota, while concurrently suppressing Ascomycota . Tobacco–maize intercropping specifically augmented nitrifying bacteria and Actinobacteria , while tobacco–soybean intercropping predominantly facilitated the recruitment of symbiotic fungi. Intercropping intensified microbial network complexity and modularity, upregulate ecosystem resilience to disturbances. Mantel analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was primarily influenced by soil pH, whereas fungal communities exhibited strong combinations with available potassium and phosphorus. Discussion Intercropping systems substantially improved soil ecological functionality by modulating microbial community composition and nutrient dynamics. Tobacco–maize intercropping reinforced soil ecosystem stability through enrichment of functional microorganisms and optimization of community architecture, while tobacco–soybean intercropping leveraged nitrogen fixation by legumes to augment nitrogen availability and facilitate the establishment of nitrogen-cycling microbes, demonstrating superior efficacy in enhancing soil fertility. These findings suggest that tobacco intercropping can be sustainable agricultural strategy to maintain soil health and productivity in the era of climate change.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–soybean intercropping increased cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 13.9 compared with tobacco monoculture.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Treatment
- tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS)e0
- Outcome
- cation exchange capacity (CEC)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 13.9e0
- Comparator
- tobacco monoculture (TT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with tobacco monoculture (TT), the tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS) treatment enhanced cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) by 13.9, 13.9, 43.8, and 129.1%, respectively.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–soybean intercropping increased total nitrogen (TN) by 13.9 compared with tobacco monoculture.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS)e0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen (TN)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 13.9e0
- Comparator
- tobacco monoculture (TT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with tobacco monoculture (TT), the tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS) treatment enhanced cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) by 13.9, 13.9, 43.8, and 129.1%, respectively.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–soybean intercropping increased available phosphorus (AP) by 43.8 compared with tobacco monoculture.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS)e0
- Outcome
- available phosphorus (AP)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 43.8e0
- Comparator
- tobacco monoculture (TT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with tobacco monoculture (TT), the tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS) treatment enhanced cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) by 13.9, 13.9, 43.8, and 129.1%, respectively.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–soybean intercropping increased available potassium (AK) by 129.1% compared with tobacco monoculture.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS)e0
- Outcome
- available potassium (AK)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 129.1%e0
- Comparator
- tobacco monoculture (TT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with tobacco monoculture (TT), the tobacco–soybean intercropping (TS) treatment enhanced cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) by 13.9, 13.9, 43.8, and 129.1%, respectively.”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–maize intercropping increased CEC by 26.7%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Tobacco–maize intercropping (TM)e0
- Outcome
- CECe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 26.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco–maize intercropping (TM) enhanced CEC (26.7%) and AK (9.7%).”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–maize intercropping increased AK by 9.7%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Tobacco–maize intercropping (TM)e0
- Outcome
- AKe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 9.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco–maize intercropping (TM) enhanced CEC (26.7%) and AK (9.7%).”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Both intercropping models increased bacterial species richness in tobacco soil.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Both intercropping modelse0
- Outcome
- bacterial species richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both intercropping models significantly increased bacterial species richness in tobacco soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal diversity was more pronounced under monoculture.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- fungal diversitye0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Setting
- monoculture conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal diversity was more pronounced under monoculture conditions”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping favored Proteobacteria and Basidiomycota.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- proliferation of Proteobacteria and Basidiomycotae0
- Direction
- favorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping favored the proliferation of Proteobacteria and Basidiomycota”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping suppressed Ascomycota.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- Ascomycotae0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while concurrently suppressing Ascomycota”
t0“Tobacco intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–maize intercropping augmented nitrifying bacteria and Actinobacteria.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Tobacco–maize intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- nitrifying bacteria and Actinobacteriae0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco–maize intercropping specifically augmented nitrifying bacteria and Actinobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–soybean intercropping recruited symbiotic fungi.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- tobacco–soybean intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- recruitment of symbiotic fungie0
- Direction
- facilitatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tobacco–soybean intercropping predominantly facilitated the recruitment of symbiotic fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping intensified microbial network complexity and modularity.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- microbial network complexity and modularitye0
- Direction
- intensifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping intensified microbial network complexity and modularity”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased ecosystem resilience to disturbances.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- ecosystem resilience to disturbancese0
- Direction
- upregulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulate ecosystem resilience to disturbances”
t0“Tobacco intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial community structure was primarily associated with soil pH.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Compound
- soil pHe0
- Outcome
- bacterial community structuree0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bacterial community structure was primarily influenced by soil pH”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal communities were associated with available potassium and phosphorus.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Compound
- available potassium and phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- fungal communitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungal communities exhibited strong combinations with available potassium and phosphorus”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–maize intercropping reinforced soil ecosystem stability through functional microorganisms and community architecture.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Tobacco–maize intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- soil ecosystem stabilitye0
- Qualifier
- enrichment of functional microorganisms and optimization of community architecturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tobacco–maize intercropping reinforced soil ecosystem stability through enrichment of functional microorganisms and optimization of community architecture”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–soybean intercropping increased nitrogen availability through legume nitrogen fixation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- tobacco–soybean intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen availabilitye0
- Qualifier
- nitrogen fixation by legumese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tobacco–soybean intercropping leveraged nitrogen fixation by legumes to augment nitrogen availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco–soybean intercropping facilitated nitrogen-cycling microbes.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- tobacco–soybean intercroppinge1
- Outcome
- establishment of nitrogen-cycling microbese0
- Direction
- facilitatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“facilitate the establishment of nitrogen-cycling microbes”
t0“Tobacco intercropping”
e1“tobacco–soybean intercropping leveraged nitrogen fixation by legumes to augment nitrogen availability”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest tobacco intercropping as a sustainable agricultural strategy for soil health and productivity.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Outcome
- sustainable agricultural strategy to maintain soil health and productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tobacco intercropping can be sustainable agricultural strategy to maintain soil health and productivity”
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