Abstract
Introduction: Changes in the rhizosphere microbiome and metabolites resulting from crop intercropping can significantly enhance crop growth. While there has been an increasing number of studies on various crop combinations, research on the intercropping of tobacco and maize at seedling stage remains limited. Methods: This study is the first to explore rhizosphere effects of intercropping between tobacco and maize seedling stages, we analyzed the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the soil, and revealed the important effects on soil microbial community composition and metabolite profiles, thereby regulating crop growth and improving soil balance. Results and discussion: Compared with mono-cropping, intercropping increased the biomass of the two crops and promoted the nutrient absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Under intercropping conditions, the activities of sucrase, catalase and nitrate reductase in tobacco rhizosphere soil and the content of available potassium, the activities of nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase in maize rhizosphere soil were significantly increasing. Rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communities such as Sphingomonas, Massilia, Humicola and Penicillium respond differently to crop planting patterns, and soil dominant microbial communities are regulated by environmental factors such as pH, Organic Matter, Available Potassium, Nitrate Reductase, and Urease Enzyme. Network analysis showed that soil microbial communities were more complex after intercropping, and the reciprocal relationship between bacteria and fungi was enhanced. The difference of metabolites in soil between intercropping and monocropping system was mainly concentrated in galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, and the content of carbohydrate metabolites was significantly higher than that of monocropping soil. Key metabolites such as D-Sucrose, D-Fructose-6-Phosphate, D-Glucose-1-Phosphatel significantly influence the composition of dominant microbial communities such as Sphingomonas and Penicillium. This study explained the effects of intercropping between flue-cured tobacco and maize on the content of soil metabolites and soil microbial composition in rhizosphere soil, and deepened the understanding that intercropping system can improve the growth of flue-cured crops seedlings through rhizosphere effects.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased tobacco biomass relative to monocropping.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- mono-croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with mono-cropping, intercropping increased the biomass of the two crops”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased maize biomass relative to monocropping.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with mono-cropping, intercropping increased the biomass of the two crops”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping promoted nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption in the two crops.
- Taxon
- tobacco and maizeNicotiana tabacum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- nutrient absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping increased the biomass of the two crops and promoted the nutrient absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped tobacco soil had significantly increased sucrase, catalase and nitrate reductase activity and available potassium.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- activities of sucrase, catalase and nitrate reductasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under intercropping conditions, the activities of sucrase, catalase and nitrate reductase in tobacco rhizosphere soil and the content of available potassium, the activities of nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase in maize rhizosphere soil were significantly increasing.”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped maize soil had significantly increased available potassium, nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase.
- Outcome
- activities of nitrate reductase and acid phosphatasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of available potassium, the activities of nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase in maize rhizosphere soil were significantly increasing.”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities responded differently to planting patterns.
- Taxon
- tobacco and maizeNicotiana tabacumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- Rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communities such as Sphingomonas, Massilia, Humicola and Penicillium respond differently to crop planting patterns”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmental factors regulated dominant soil microbial communities.
- Taxon
- tobacco and maizeNicotiana tabacumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- soil dominant microbial communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil dominant microbial communities are regulated by environmental factors such as pH, Organic Matter, Available Potassium, Nitrate Reductase, and Urease Enzyme.”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping made soil microbial networks more complex.
- Taxon
- tobacco and maizeNicotiana tabacumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- soil microbial communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil microbial communities were more complex after intercropping”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping enhanced reciprocal relationships between bacteria and fungi.
- Taxon
- tobacco and maizeNicotiana tabacumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- reciprocal relationship between bacteria and fungie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reciprocal relationship between bacteria and fungi was enhanced.”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping and monocropping soil metabolites differed mainly in three carbohydrate metabolism pathways.
- Taxon
- tobacco and maizeNicotiana tabacumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- difference of metabolites in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The difference of metabolites in soil between intercropping and monocropping system was mainly concentrated in galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism pathway”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbohydrate metabolite content was significantly higher in intercropping soil.
- Taxon
- tobacco and maizeNicotiana tabacumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- content of carbohydrate metabolitese0
- Comparator
- monocropping soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of carbohydrate metabolites was significantly higher than that of monocropping soil.”
t0“tobacco and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
D-Sucrose, D-Fructose-6-Phosphate and D-Glucose-1-Phosphatel significantly influenced dominant microbial composition.
- Taxon
- tobacco and maizeNicotiana tabacumZea mayst0
- Compound
- D-Sucrose, D-Fructose-6-Phosphate, D-Glucose-1-Phosphatele0
- Outcome
- composition of dominant microbial communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Key metabolites such as D-Sucrose, D-Fructose-6-Phosphate, D-Glucose-1-Phosphatel significantly influence the composition of dominant microbial communities such as Sphingomonas and Penicillium.”
t0“tobacco and maize”
The same questions in other papers
intercropping · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
137 papers in the same direction as this paper · 40 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
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See all 184 papers →intercropping · growth · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.