Abstract
Lucky bamboo is an economically crucial ornamental plant worldwide due to its durability, rapid growth capacity, and versatile uses. However, diseases caused by various fungal pathogens negatively affect bamboo production, resulting in yield losses. In the present study, fungal agents causing disease in Dracaena sanderiana were isolated and evaluated for their pathogenicity. The MF-1 and MF-2 isolates that showed pathogenicity were characterized morphologically and molecularly. Chitinase enzymes were partially purified from four different bacteria and biochemically characterized, and the antifungal activities of these bacteria and chitinases were evaluated. As a result of the diagnosis, both isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum with ~99% similarity. It was determined that the partially purified chitinases from Pseudomonas chlororaphis C-37A and Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16 had the highest activity with values of 9.44 and 1.02 EU/mL, respectively. Additionally, the pH and temperature values at which C-37A’s chitinase exhibited optimal activity were determined to be 8 and 30 °C, while those for A-16’s chitinase were found to be pH 4 and 40 °C. After 120 min, C-37A’s chitinase retained 50% of its activity at 90 °C, while A-16’s chitinase retained 80% of its activity at 40 °C. C-37A inhibited the growth of MF-1 and MF-2 by 83% and 75%, respectively. Additionally, the inhibition rates of A-16, Bacillus megaterium M-3, and KBA-10 ranged from 68% to 29%. In chitinase applications, the highest inhibition rates of 28% (MF-1) and 23% (MF-2) were obtained from C-37A chitinase. In conclusion, it was observed that bioagent bacteria provide sustainable biological effects against F. oxysporium in D. Sanderiana, and that the chitinase enzyme purified from these isolates can be used as a biocontrol agent in agriculture, as well as potentially evaluated in various industrial applications.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Two pathogenic isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum with about 99% similarity.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderiana
Dracaena sanderianae1 - Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- identified as Fusarium oxysporume0
- Value
- ~99%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“both isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum with ~99% similarity”
e1“Dracaena sanderiana were isolated and evaluated for their pathogenicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas chlororaphis C-37A chitinase activity was 9.44 EU/mL.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas chlororaphis C-37APseudomonas chlororaphise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- chitinases from Pseudomonas chlororaphis C-37Ae0
- Value
- 9.44e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“partially purified chitinases from Pseudomonas chlororaphis C-37A and Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16 had the highest activity with values of 9.44 and 1.02 EU/mL, respectively”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16 chitinase activity was 1.02 EU/mL.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Interactor
- Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16
Agrobacterium radiobactere0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- chitinases from Pseudomonas chlororaphis C-37A and Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16e0
- Value
- 1.02 EU/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“partially purified chitinases from Pseudomonas chlororaphis C-37A and Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16 had the highest activity with values of 9.44 and 1.02 EU/mL, respectively”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
C-37A chitinase activity was optimal at pH 8 and 30 °C.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Outcome
- C-37A’s chitinase exhibited optimal activitye0
- Value
- 8 and 30 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C-37A’s chitinase exhibited optimal activity were determined to be 8 and 30 °C”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
A-16 chitinase activity was optimal at pH 4 and 40 °C.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Outcome
- A-16’s chitinasee0
- Value
- pH 4 and 40 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A-16’s chitinase were found to be pH 4 and 40 °C”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
C-37A chitinase retained 50% activity after 120 minutes at 90 °C.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Outcome
- C-37A’s chitinase retainede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- After 120 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 120 min, C-37A’s chitinase retained 50% of its activity at 90 °C”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
A-16 chitinase retained 80% activity after 120 minutes at 40 °C.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Outcome
- A-16’s chitinase retainede0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- 40 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A-16’s chitinase retained 80% of its activity at 40 °C”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
C-37A inhibited MF-1 growth by 83%.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Treatment
- C-37Ae0
- Interactor
- MF-1e0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of MF-1e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C-37A inhibited the growth of MF-1 and MF-2 by 83% and 75%, respectively”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
C-37A inhibited MF-2 growth by 75%.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Treatment
- C-37Ae0
- Interactor
- MF-2e0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of MF-1 and MF-2e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C-37A inhibited the growth of MF-1 and MF-2 by 83% and 75%, respectively”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
A-16 inhibited fungal growth within the reported 29–68% range.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Treatment
- A-16e0
- Outcome
- inhibition ratese0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 68% to 29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibition rates of A-16, Bacillus megaterium M-3, and KBA-10 ranged from 68% to 29%”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus megaterium M-3 inhibited fungal growth within the reported 29–68% range.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Treatment
- Bacillus megaterium M-3e0
- Outcome
- inhibition ratese0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 68% to 29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibition rates of A-16, Bacillus megaterium M-3, and KBA-10 ranged from 68% to 29%”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
KBA-10 inhibited fungal growth within the reported 29–68% range.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Treatment
- KBA-10e0
- Outcome
- inhibition ratese0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 68% to 29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibition rates of A-16, Bacillus megaterium M-3, and KBA-10 ranged from 68% to 29%”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
C-37A chitinase inhibited MF-1 by 28%.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Treatment
- C-37A chitinasee0
- Interactor
- MF-1e0pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition ratese0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 28%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest inhibition rates of 28% (MF-1) and 23% (MF-2) were obtained from C-37A chitinase”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”
Claim · model-written summary
C-37A chitinase inhibited MF-2 by 23%.
- Taxon
- Dracaena sanderianaDracaena sanderianat0
- Treatment
- C-37A chitinasee0
- Interactor
- MF-2e0pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibition ratese0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest inhibition rates of 28% (MF-1) and 23% (MF-2) were obtained from C-37A chitinase”
t0“Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana Hort. ex. Mast.)”