Abstract
Sustainable alternative to reduce fertilizer use and/or increase crop yields is the inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in hydroponic systems with inert substrate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculation, in combination with different fertilization levels, on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of cucumber grown hydroponically in an inert substrate. During the seedling stage, treatments consisted of the application with or without P. tolaasii inoculation, using a completely randomized design (CRD). In the production stage, a CRD with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used, combining two nutrient solution concentrations (50% or 75%) with PGPR inoculation (with or without P. tolaasii). Photosynthetic rate (12.24%), stem diameter (7.69%), and root volume (13.43%) increased due to inoculation during the seedling phase. In the production phase, inoculation enhanced the number of leaves (6%), root system development (15.7–27.4%), and yield (15%). Meanwhile, the 75% Steiner solution produced the best results in plant height (10.9%), relative chlorophyll content (12.61%), leaf area (33%), shoot dry biomass (19.3%), and yield (17%). Regarding fruit quality, bacterial inoculation increased total soluble solids (9.23%), and the 75% Steiner solution improved polar diameter (5.2%), total soluble solids (12.3%), and fruit dry biomass (25.53%) compared to the lower concentration. No statistically significant interactions were observed between the evaluated factors; however, when applied together, positive additive effects were evident. Therefore, both P. tolaasii inoculation and the use of the Steiner nutrient solution, either individually or in combination, are beneficial strategies to improve growth, productivity, and fruit quality of cucumber under hydroponic conditions with inert substrate.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased seedling photosynthetic rate by 12.24%.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas tolaasiiPseudomonas tolaasiie1symbiont
- Outcome
- Photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic rate (12.24%), stem diameter (7.69%), and root volume (13.43%) increased due to inoculation during the seedling phase”
t0“cucumber”
e1“Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased seedling stem diameter by 7.69%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas tolaasiiPseudomonas tolaasiie1symbiont
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.69%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic rate (12.24%), stem diameter (7.69%), and root volume (13.43%) increased due to inoculation during the seedling phase”
t0“cucumber”
e1“Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased seedling root volume by 13.43%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas tolaasiiPseudomonas tolaasiie1symbiont
- Outcome
- root volumee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic rate (12.24%), stem diameter (7.69%), and root volume (13.43%) increased due to inoculation during the seedling phase”
t0“cucumber”
e1“Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased production-phase leaf number by 6%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas tolaasiiPseudomonas tolaasiie1symbiont
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation enhanced the number of leaves (6%), root system development (15.7–27.4%), and yield (15%)”
t0“cucumber”
e1“Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation enhanced root system development by 15.7–27.4%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas tolaasiiPseudomonas tolaasiie1symbiont
- Outcome
- root system developmente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15.7–27.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation enhanced the number of leaves (6%), root system development (15.7–27.4%), and yield (15%)”
t0“cucumber”
e1“Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation enhanced yield by 15%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas tolaasiiPseudomonas tolaasiie1symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation enhanced the number of leaves (6%), root system development (15.7–27.4%), and yield (15%)”
t0“cucumber”
e1“Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% Steiner solution improved plant height by 10.9%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 75% Steiner solutione0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- best resultse0
- Value
- 10.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 75% Steiner solution produced the best results in plant height (10.9%), relative chlorophyll content (12.61%), leaf area (33%), shoot dry biomass (19.3%), and yield (17%)”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% Steiner solution improved relative chlorophyll content by 12.61%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 75% Steiner solutione0
- Outcome
- relative chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- best resultse0
- Value
- 12.61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 75% Steiner solution produced the best results in plant height (10.9%), relative chlorophyll content (12.61%), leaf area (33%), shoot dry biomass (19.3%), and yield (17%)”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% Steiner solution improved leaf area by 33%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 75% Steiner solutione0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- best resultse0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 75% Steiner solution produced the best results in plant height (10.9%), relative chlorophyll content (12.61%), leaf area (33%), shoot dry biomass (19.3%), and yield (17%)”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% Steiner solution improved shoot dry biomass by 19.3%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 75% Steiner solutione0
- Outcome
- shoot dry biomasse0
- Direction
- best resultse0
- Value
- 19.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 75% Steiner solution produced the best results in plant height (10.9%), relative chlorophyll content (12.61%), leaf area (33%), shoot dry biomass (19.3%), and yield (17%)”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% Steiner solution improved yield by 17%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 75% Steiner solutione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- best resultse0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 75% Steiner solution produced the best results in plant height (10.9%), relative chlorophyll content (12.61%), leaf area (33%), shoot dry biomass (19.3%), and yield (17%)”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased fruit total soluble solids by 9.23%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas tolaasiiPseudomonas tolaasiie1symbiont
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial inoculation increased total soluble solids (9.23%)”
t0“cucumber”
e1“Pseudomonas tolaasii inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% Steiner solution improved fruit polar diameter by 5.2%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 75% Steiner solutione0
- Outcome
- polar diametere0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 5.2%e0
- Comparator
- lower concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 75% Steiner solution improved polar diameter (5.2%), total soluble solids (12.3%), and fruit dry biomass (25.53%) compared to the lower concentration”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% Steiner solution improved fruit total soluble solids by 12.3%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 75% Steiner solutione0
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 12.3%e0
- Comparator
- lower concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 75% Steiner solution improved polar diameter (5.2%), total soluble solids (12.3%), and fruit dry biomass (25.53%) compared to the lower concentration”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% Steiner solution improved fruit dry biomass by 25.53%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- 75% Steiner solutione0
- Outcome
- fruit dry biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 25.53%e0
- Comparator
- lower concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 75% Steiner solution improved polar diameter (5.2%), total soluble solids (12.3%), and fruit dry biomass (25.53%) compared to the lower concentration”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculation and nutrient concentration factors had no statistically significant interaction.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- interactionse0
- Direction
- No statistically significante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No statistically significant interactions were observed between the evaluated factors”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application showed positive additive effects.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- positive additive effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when applied together, positive additive effects were evident”
t0“cucumber”
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