Abstract
Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients, including minerals, vitamins, and secondary metabolites, making it a valuable opportunity crop for combating hidden hunger and promoting human health. However, knowledge of the inheritance of mineral content is limited, which hinders the development of improved cultivars for wider cultivation. To address this, 118 F1 experimental hybrids involving 26 parental lines were generated from a North Carolina mating design II. The F1s and their parents were evaluated across two years (2019 and 2020) for gene action, combining ability effects and heterosis of leaf mineral (zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and potassium) content. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed among and between hybrids and parents for iron, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and potassium contents. The genotype × year interaction was also significant, with variance greater than the genotypic variance. Significant general and specific combining ability effects, together with variance components analysis, revealed that both additive and nonadditive gene action controlled mineral content, with a predominance of nonadditive gene action. Mid- and best-parent heterosis ranged from -80.4% to 389.5% for mineral content. Parents with good general combining ability were identified, as well as crosses with high specific combining ability and heterosis. There were significant and moderate to strong correlations between mean hybrid performance, specific combining ability effects, and heterosis levels, and low to moderate correlations between general combining ability and the performance of the mean parents. We conclude that hybridization in G. gynandra contributes to improving the mineral content. G. gynandra can be used as a model crop to study the genetic mechanism underlying heterosis in leafy vegetables.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids and parents differed significantly in iron, zinc and copper contents.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandra
Gynandropsis gynandrae0 - Outcome
- iron, zinc, coppere1
- Value
- p < 0.001e1
- Comparator
- parentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e1“Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed among and between hybrids and parents for iron, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and potassium contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids and parents differed significantly in manganese, calcium and magnesium contents.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae0
- Outcome
- manganese, calcium, magnesiume1
- Value
- p < 0.001e1
- Comparator
- parentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e1“Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed among and between hybrids and parents for iron, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and potassium contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids and parents differed significantly in sodium, phosphorus and potassium contents.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae0
- Outcome
- sodium, phosphorus, and potassiume1
- Value
- p < 0.001e1
- Comparator
- parentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e1“Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed among and between hybrids and parents for iron, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and potassium contents”
Claim · model-written summary
The genotype × year interaction was significant, with variance greater than the genotypic variance.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae0
- Outcome
- genotype × year interactione2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Comparator
- genotypic variancee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e2“The genotype × year interaction was also significant, with variance greater than the genotypic variance”
Claim · model-written summary
Both additive and nonadditive gene action controlled mineral content, with a predominance of nonadditive gene action.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae0
- Outcome
- mineral contente3
- Qualifier
- predominance of nonadditive gene actione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e3“both additive and nonadditive gene action controlled mineral content, with a predominance of nonadditive gene action”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid- and best-parent heterosis for mineral content ranged from -80.4% to 389.5%.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae0
- Outcome
- Mid- and best-parent heterosise4
- Value
- -80.4% to 389.5%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e4“Mid- and best-parent heterosis ranged from -80.4% to 389.5% for mineral content”
Claim · model-written summary
Parents with good general combining ability were identified.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae0
- Outcome
- general combining abilitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e5“Parents with good general combining ability were identified, as well as crosses with high specific combining ability and heterosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant and moderate to strong correlations exist between mean hybrid performance, specific combining ability effects and heterosis levels.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae0
- Outcome
- correlations between mean hybrid performance, specific combining ability effects, and heterosis levelse6
- Qualifier
- moderate to stronge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e6“There were significant and moderate to strong correlations between mean hybrid performance, specific combining ability effects, and heterosis levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Low to moderate correlations exist between general combining ability and the performance of the mean parents.
- Taxon
- Gynandropsis gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae0
- Outcome
- correlations between general combining ability and the performance of the mean parentse7
- Qualifier
- low to moderatee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra) is a leafy vegetable rich in micronutrients”
e7“low to moderate correlations between general combining ability and the performance of the mean parents”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybridization in G. gynandra contributes to improving the mineral content.
- Taxon
- G. gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae7
- Outcome
- improving the mineral contente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We conclude that hybridization in G. gynandra contributes to improving the mineral content”
Claim · model-written summary
G. gynandra can serve as a model crop to study the genetic mechanism underlying heterosis in leafy vegetables.
- Taxon
- G. gynandraGynandropsis gynandrae7
- Outcome
- the genetic mechanism underlying heterosise7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“G. gynandra can be used as a model crop to study the genetic mechanism underlying heterosis in leafy vegetables”