Abstract
• ZT+ R + P5 achieved highest MEY (8.17 Mg/ha) and SP (15.5 Mg/ha) in maize-wheat systems. • Significant improvements in soil health indicators at ZT+ R + P5, including SOC and biological properties. • Economic benefits with ZT+ R + P5: highest SGR ($3924/ha) and SNR ($2701/ha) observed. • Enhanced energy efficiency with ZT+ R + P5, recording 471 × 103 MJ/ha in system energy gross returns. • Sustainable practices like ZT and residue retention crucial for optimizing P application and crop productivity. Achieving sustainable development in agri-food production systems requires integrated strategies that boost productivity while preserving soil and environmental health. This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India. A two-year field experiment involving fifteen treatment combinations was conducted. The results showed that zero tillage (ZT) with residue retention (+ R ) and phosphorus dose (34.4 kg P ha⁻¹) produced the highest (8.17 t ha⁻¹) maize equivalent yield (MEY), system productivity (15.5 t P ha⁻¹), and net economic return ($2701 ha⁻¹). This strategies also significantly enhanced soil organic carbon, water-stable aggregates, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities. In contrast, phosphorus application with microbial inoculants under ZT without residue (- R ) yielded the highest energy use efficiency (23.3). These integrated practices further increased the net energy return to 373 × 10³ MJ ha⁻¹. The findings demonstrate that integrating CA-practices and optimal phosphorus management enhances system productivity, profitability, and soil sustainability. These practices support national goals for agri-food security, climate resilience, and environmental sustainability, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage with residue retention and 34.4 kg P ha-1 gave the highest maize equivalent yield in India.
- Treatment
- zero tillage (ZT) with residue retentione0
- Outcome
- maize equivalent yield (MEY)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.17 t ha⁻¹e0
- Setting
- Indiae1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that zero tillage (ZT) with residue retention (+ R ) and phosphorus dose (34.4 kg P ha⁻¹) produced the highest (8.17 t ha⁻¹) maize equivalent yield (MEY), system productivity (15.5 t P ha⁻¹), and net economic return ($2701 ha⁻¹)”
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage with residue retention and 34.4 kg P ha-1 gave the highest system productivity in India.
- Treatment
- zero tillage (ZT) with residue retentione0
- Outcome
- system productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15.5 t P ha⁻¹e0
- Setting
- Indiae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that zero tillage (ZT) with residue retention (+ R ) and phosphorus dose (34.4 kg P ha⁻¹) produced the highest (8.17 t ha⁻¹) maize equivalent yield (MEY), system productivity (15.5 t P ha⁻¹), and net economic return ($2701 ha⁻¹)”
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage with residue retention gave the highest net economic return in India.
- Treatment
- zero tillage (ZT) with residue retentione0
- Outcome
- net economic returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- $2701 ha⁻¹e0
- Setting
- Indiae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that zero tillage (ZT) with residue retention (+ R ) and phosphorus dose (34.4 kg P ha⁻¹) produced the highest (8.17 t ha⁻¹) maize equivalent yield (MEY), system productivity (15.5 t P ha⁻¹), and net economic return ($2701 ha⁻¹)”
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture practices significantly enhanced soil organic carbon and water-stable aggregates.
- Treatment
- conservation agriculture (CA) practicese1
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon, water-stable aggregatese2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Setting
- Indiae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
e2“This strategies also significantly enhanced soil organic carbon, water-stable aggregates, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture practices significantly enhanced microbial biomass and enzymatic activities.
- Treatment
- conservation agriculture (CA) practicese1
- Outcome
- microbial biomass, and enzymatic activitiese2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Setting
- Indiae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
e2“This strategies also significantly enhanced soil organic carbon, water-stable aggregates, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus application with microbial inoculants under zero tillage without residue gave the highest energy use efficiency (23.3).
- Treatment
- phosphorus application with microbial inoculants under ZT without residuee0
- Outcome
- energy use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 23.3e0
- Setting
- Indiae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, phosphorus application with microbial inoculants under ZT without residue (- R ) yielded the highest energy use efficiency (23.3)”
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated conservation agriculture practices increased the net energy return to 373 × 10³ MJ ha-1.
- Treatment
- integrated practicese3
- Outcome
- net energy returne3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 373 × 10³ MJ ha⁻¹e3
- Setting
- Indiae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
e3“These integrated practices further increased the net energy return to 373 × 10³ MJ ha⁻¹”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT+R+P5 gave the highest SGR of $3924/ha in maize-wheat systems.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
e4“Economic benefits with ZT+ R + P5: highest SGR ($3924/ha) and SNR ($2701/ha) observed”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT+R+P5 increased system energy gross returns to 471 × 10³ MJ/ha in maize-wheat systems.
- Treatment
- ZT+ R + P5e5
- Outcome
- system energy gross returnse5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- 471 × 103 MJ/hae5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study examined the conservation agriculture (CA) practices (tillage, crop residue management, and phosphorus fertilization) on the performance of a maize–wheat (M-W) system in India”
e5“Enhanced energy efficiency with ZT+ R + P5, recording 471 × 103 MJ/ha in system energy gross returns”
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