Abstract
Based on the data collected between 2015 and 2023, we present a detailed account of the occurrences and current distribution of Viscum album subsp. austriacum in Hungary. We present its frequency and abundance, and also examine the factors influencing its distribution and prevalence. The taxon is generally widespread in the western half of Western Transdanubia, where it is a characteristic (and partially native) element of the mixed pine forests of the Vendvidék, Felső-Őrség, Kőszeg Hills, and the Pinka Plain. Its occurrence has been confirmed in almost all (older) Scots pine and black pine stands of the Sopron Hills, where it has become a mass pest in several locations. Based on our studies, the current distribution of the taxon in Southwestern Transdanubia follows the border of the native distribution of Scots pine, but in the Kemeneshát and the Sopron–Vas Plain, the regional boundary extends 10–25 km beyond it. The frequency of pine mistletoe within the subcompartments was highest in mixed coniferous stands. We also recorded a mass infection that played a significant role in the degradation of the stands. The notable increase in the number of occurrences can be explained by the significant under-mapping of the taxon to date, as well as its documented spread throughout Europe. It is also assumed to be linked to the increasingly unfavorable health status of coniferous forests in Hungary. This process may be facilitated by the fact that the resistance of Scots pine forests in both hilly and lowland regions has significantly declined due to the increasing length and frequency of drought periods. Compared to previous years, forest stands in weakened condition are more susceptible to infections by pathogenic organisms, such as mistletoe.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pine mistletoe is widespread in western Western Transdanubia and characteristic of mixed pine forests in the named districts.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacum
Viscum album subsp. austriacumt0 - Outcome
- generally widespreade0
- Setting
- western half of Western Transdanubiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The taxon is generally widespread in the western half of Western Transdanubia, where it is a characteristic (and partially native) element of the mixed pine forests of the Vendvidék, Felső-Őrség, Kőszeg Hills, and the Pinka Plain.”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
Its occurrence was confirmed in almost all older Scots and black pine stands of the Sopron Hills.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0
- Outcome
- occurrence has been confirmed in almost all (older) Scots pine and black pine standse0
- Setting
- Sopron Hillse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Its occurrence has been confirmed in almost all (older) Scots pine and black pine stands of the Sopron Hills”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine mistletoe became a mass pest at several Sopron Hills locations.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0
- Outcome
- mass peste0
- Setting
- Sopron Hillse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“where it has become a mass pest in several locations”
e1“Sopron Hills”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
The Southwestern Transdanubian distribution follows the native Scots pine distribution boundary.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0
- Outcome
- current distribution of the taxone0
- Setting
- Southwestern Transdanubiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the current distribution of the taxon in Southwestern Transdanubia follows the border of the native distribution of Scots pine”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
In Kemeneshát and the Sopron–Vas Plain the distribution boundary extends 10–25 km beyond the native Scots pine boundary.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0
- Outcome
- regional boundarye0
- Direction
- extendse0
- Value
- 10–25 kme0
- Setting
- Kemeneshát and the Sopron–Vas Plaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the Kemeneshát and the Sopron–Vas Plain, the regional boundary extends 10–25 km beyond it”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine mistletoe frequency within subcompartments was highest in mixed coniferous stands.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0
- Outcome
- frequency of pine mistletoee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- mixed coniferous standse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The frequency of pine mistletoe within the subcompartments was highest in mixed coniferous stands.”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
A mass infection contributed significantly to degradation of stands.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0
- Outcome
- degradation of the standse0
- Qualifier
- mass infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We also recorded a mass infection that played a significant role in the degradation of the stands.”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported rise in occurrences is attributed to prior under-mapping and documented spread in Europe.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0
- Outcome
- notable increase in the number of occurrencese0
- Qualifier
- significant under-mapping of the taxon to date, as well as its documented spread throughout Europee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The notable increase in the number of occurrences can be explained by the significant under-mapping of the taxon to date, as well as its documented spread throughout Europe.”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in occurrences is also assumed linked to worsening conifer forest health in Hungary.
- Taxon
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0
- Outcome
- notable increase in the number of occurrencese1
- Qualifier
- increasingly unfavorable health status of coniferous forestse0
- Setting
- Hungarye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is also assumed to be linked to the increasingly unfavorable health status of coniferous forests in Hungary.”
e1“notable increase in the number of occurrences”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer and more frequent drought may facilitate infection by reducing Scots pine forest resistance.
- Taxon
- Scots pine
Pinus sylvestrise0 - Interactor
- Viscum album subsp. austriacumViscum album subsp. austriacumt0parasite
- Outcome
- resistance of Scots pine forestse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- increasing length and frequency of drought periodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the resistance of Scots pine forests in both hilly and lowland regions has significantly declined due to the increasing length and frequency of drought periods”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”
Claim · model-written summary
Weakened forest stands are more susceptible to pathogenic organisms such as mistletoe than in previous years.
- Taxon
- Scots pinePinus sylvestrise1
- Interactor
- mistletoee0parasite
- Outcome
- susceptible to infectionse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- previous yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to previous years, forest stands in weakened condition are more susceptible to infections by pathogenic organisms, such as mistletoe.”
e1“Scots pine forests”
t0“Viscum album subsp. austriacum”