Abstract
Protected (plastic house) cultivation offers numerous advantages for vegetable production in Nepal. Continuous cropping cycles within soil-based closed structures have led to a rise in soil-borne pathogens, notably in the mid-hills of Nepal, posing challenges to sustainable crop production. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) particularly threaten protected cultivation, demanding significant time and financial investments for effective management. This study has investigated the efficacy of chemical (fosthiazate) and non-chemical (biogas slurry, Trichoderma sp., neem cake, and root care) pesticides with an untreated control for RKN management in tomato grown under plastic houses. A randomized three-block trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the treatments. Results revealed significant differences in the galling index (GI), demonstrating that fosthiazate, neem cake, and biogas slurry outperformed the control. In pairwise mean comparison, fosthiazate, neem cake, and biogas slurry were superior to the control with GI of 2.23%, 2.67%, and 3.23%, respectively, where the control had an average GI of 4.45%. There was no significant difference between fosthiazate and neem cake in the galling index, while the performance of Trichoderma and root care (a commercial product produced from the combination of organic raw materials) showed no significant difference compared to the control in remediating RKN-induced root galling in tomato. All other treatments gave significantly lower disease incidence than the control. The lowest disease incidence was found to be 12.23 ± (4.10)% and the lowest galling index was 2.23 ± (0.74) % with the application of fosthiazate, followed by neem cake with 16.67 ± (5.56)% disease incidence and 2.67 ± (0.89)% galling index, while the control had the highest disease incidence (80.0 ± (26.67)%. These findings suggest the best management option that may be promising prospects for environment-friendly management of RKN in protected tomato cultivation under plastic houses.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fosthiazate reduced the galling index relative to the untreated control.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- fosthiazatee0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot Nematodes
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynet1pathogene0 - Outcome
- GIe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 2.23%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“fosthiazate, neem cake, and biogas slurry were superior to the control with GI of 2.23%, 2.67%, and 3.23%, respectively, where the control had an average GI of 4.45%”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem cake reduced the galling index relative to the untreated control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- neem cakee0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot NematodesMeloidogynet1pathogene0
- Outcome
- GIe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 2.67%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fosthiazate, neem cake, and biogas slurry were superior to the control with GI of 2.23%, 2.67%, and 3.23%, respectively, where the control had an average GI of 4.45%”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Biogas slurry reduced the galling index relative to the untreated control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biogas slurrye0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot NematodesMeloidogynet1pathogene0
- Outcome
- GIe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 3.23%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fosthiazate, neem cake, and biogas slurry were superior to the control with GI of 2.23%, 2.67%, and 3.23%, respectively, where the control had an average GI of 4.45%”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fosthiazate and neem cake did not significantly differ in galling index.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fosthiazatee0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot NematodesMeloidogynet1pathogene0
- Outcome
- galling indexe0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- neem cakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant difference between fosthiazate and neem cake in the galling index”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma did not significantly differ from control for root galling.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- RKNe0pathogen
- Outcome
- RKN-induced root gallinge0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the performance of Trichoderma and root care (a commercial product produced from the combination of organic raw materials) showed no significant difference compared to the control in remediating RKN-induced root galling in tomato”
t0“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Root care did not significantly differ from control for root galling.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- root caree0
- Interactor
- RKNe0pathogen
- Outcome
- RKN-induced root gallinge0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the performance of Trichoderma and root care (a commercial product produced from the combination of organic raw materials) showed no significant difference compared to the control in remediating RKN-induced root galling in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fosthiazate had the lowest disease incidence, 12.23 ± (4.10)%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fosthiazatee0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot NematodesMeloidogynet1pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 12.23 ± (4.10)%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest disease incidence was found to be 12.23 ± (4.10)% and the lowest galling index was 2.23 ± (0.74) % with the application of fosthiazate”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fosthiazate had the lowest galling index, 2.23 ± (0.74)%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fosthiazatee0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot NematodesMeloidogynet1pathogene0
- Outcome
- galling indexe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 2.23 ± (0.74) %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest disease incidence was found to be 12.23 ± (4.10)% and the lowest galling index was 2.23 ± (0.74) % with the application of fosthiazate”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem cake disease incidence was 16.67 ± (5.56)%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- neem cakee0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot NematodesMeloidogynet1pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 16.67 ± (5.56)%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by neem cake with 16.67 ± (5.56)% disease incidence and 2.67 ± (0.89)% galling index”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem cake galling index was 2.67 ± (0.89)%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- neem cakee0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot NematodesMeloidogynet1pathogene0
- Outcome
- galling indexe0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 2.67 ± (0.89)%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by neem cake with 16.67 ± (5.56)% disease incidence and 2.67 ± (0.89)% galling index”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The untreated control had the highest disease incidence, 80.0 ± (26.67)%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Root-Knot NematodesMeloidogynet1pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 80.0 ± (26.67)%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the control had the highest disease incidence (80.0 ± (26.67)%”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Root-Knot Nematodes with Chemical and Nonchemical Pesticides of Tomato”
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