Abstract
Numerous microbial root symbionts are known to induce different levels of enhanced plant protection against a variety of pathogens. However, more recent studies have demonstrated that beneficial microbes are able to induce plant systemic resistance that confers some degree of protection against insects. Here we report how treatments with the fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride strain P1 to tomato plants induce responses that affect pest insects with different feeding habits: the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). We observed that the tomato plant–Trichoderma P1 interaction had a negative impact on the development of moth larvae and on aphid longevity. These effects were attributed to a plant- response induced by Trichoderma, that was associated with transcriptional changes of a wide array of defence-related genes. While the impact on aphids could be related to the up-regulation of genes involved in the oxidative burst reaction, that occur early in the defence reaction, the negative performance of moth larvae was associated with the enhanced expression of genes encoding for protective enzymes (i.e. Proteinase Inhibitor I, Threonine deaminase, Leucine aminopeptidase A1, Arginase 2, Polyphenol oxidase), that are activated downstream in the defence cascade. In addition, the Trichoderma produced alterations in plant metabolic pathways lead to the production and release of volatile organic compounds that are involved in the attraction of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi, thus reinforcing the indirect plant defence barriers. Our findings, along with the evidence available in the literature, indicate that the outcome of the tripartite interaction among plant, Trichoderma and pests is highly specific and only a comprehensive approach, integrating both insect phenotypic changes and plant transcriptomic alterations, can allow a reliable prediction of its potential for plant protection.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The tomato plant-Trichoderma P1 interaction had a negative impact on the development of moth larvae.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Trichoderma P1e0
- Interactor
- moth larvaee0pest
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma P1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- development of moth larvaee0
- Direction
- negative impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tomato plant–Trichoderma P1 interaction had a negative impact on the development of moth larvae and on aphid longevity”
Claim · model-written summary
The tomato plant-Trichoderma P1 interaction had a negative impact on aphid longevity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma P1e0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma P1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- aphid longevitye0
- Direction
- negative impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tomato plant–Trichoderma P1 interaction had a negative impact on the development of moth larvae and on aphid longevity”
Claim · model-written summary
A plant response induced by Trichoderma was associated with transcriptional changes of a wide array of defence-related genes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- transcriptional changes of a wide array of defence-related genese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a plant- response induced by Trichoderma, that was associated with transcriptional changes of a wide array of defence-related genes”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The impact on aphids could be related to up-regulation of genes involved in the oxidative burst reaction.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Gene
- genes involved in the oxidative burst reactione0
- Outcome
- impact on aphidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the impact on aphids could be related to the up-regulation of genes involved in the oxidative burst reaction”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The negative performance of moth larvae was associated with enhanced expression of genes encoding protective enzymes (Proteinase Inhibitor I, Threonine deaminase, Leucine aminopeptidase A1, Arginase 2, Polyphenol oxidase).
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- moth larvaee0pest
- Gene
- genes encoding for protective enzymese0
- Outcome
- negative performance of moth larvaee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the negative performance of moth larvae was associated with the enhanced expression of genes encoding for protective enzymes (i.e. Proteinase Inhibitor I, Threonine deaminase, Leucine aminopeptidase A1, Arginase 2, Polyphenol oxidase)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-induced alterations in plant metabolic pathways led to production and release of volatile organic compounds involved in attracting the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- Aphidius ervi
Aphidius ervie0biocontrol_agent - Compound
- volatile organic compoundse0
- Outcome
- attraction of the aphid parasitoide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Trichoderma produced alterations in plant metabolic pathways lead to the production and release of volatile organic compounds that are involved in the attraction of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the outcome of the tripartite interaction among plant, Trichoderma and pests is highly specific.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- pestse0pest
- Second interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- outcome of the tripartite interaction among plant, Trichoderma and pests is highly specifice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the outcome of the tripartite interaction among plant, Trichoderma and pests is highly specific”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
Trichoderma · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.