Abstract
Abstract A field operation was carried out throughout the spring of 2024 at the Kanipanka Agricultural Research Station in Shahrazoor valley, 35 km east of Sulaimani in Iraq’s Kurdistan Province. The study was to investigate the influence of indicate the biochar application rates control, 3-, 6-, and 9-tons ha −1 combined with varied irrigation levels 60%, 80%, and 100% full irrigation on Sorghum bicolor L. growth. The experiment used a Randomized Completely Blocks Designs (RCBD), with three separate trials and 12 implementation on Silty clay soil. Statistical analysis of variance revealed that increasing the biochar application rate had a positive impact on all of the parameters tested. The application of 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation produced the greatest results. The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest plant height.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.
Sorghum bicolort0 - Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 174.44 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 72.99 SPADe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest number of leaves.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18.23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest stem diameter.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 30.40 mme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest leaf area.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 695.23 cm 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest leaf area index.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6.75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest number of grains each head.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- number of grains each heade0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3994.73e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest weighting 1000 grains.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- weighting 1000 grainse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 36.33 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest grain protein content.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12.83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest oil content in plant grains.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- oil content in plant grainse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.73%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest grain yield.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6995.3 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest biomass.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 17,036.3 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine tons per hectare biochar under full irrigation gave the highest harvesting indexes.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor L.Sorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- 9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigatione1
- Outcome
- harvesting indexese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 36.79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values were obtained with this treatment: plant height (174.44 cm), chlorophyll content (72.99 SPAD), number of leaves (18.23), stem diameter (30.40 mm), leaf area (695.23 cm 2 ), leaf area index (6.75%), number of grains each head (3994.73), weighting 1000 grains (36.33 g), grain protein content (12.83%), oil content in plant grains (4.73%), grain yield (6995.3 kg/ha), biomass (17,036.3 kg/ha), and harvesting indexes (36.79%).”
e1“9 tons ha −1 of biochar under full irrigation”
t0“Sorghum bicolor L. Moench”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.