Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum-induced root rot severely threatens global soybean production, yet limited understanding of resistance mechanisms constrains breeding progress. This study conducted comparative transcriptomic analysis between highly resistant (Xiaoheiqi) and susceptible (L83-4752) soybean accessions following pathogen inoculation across four time points (8–17 days post-infection). RNA-seq analysis identified 1496 differentially expressed genes following pathogen challenge. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in MAPK signaling pathway (12 genes) and plant–pathogen interaction pathway (13 genes). Eight genes co-occurred in both pathways, with GmCML (Glyma.10G178400) exhibiting the most dramatic differential expression among these candidates. This gene encodes a 151-amino acid calmodulin-like protein showing 185-fold higher expression in resistant plants at 17 days post-inoculation, confirmed by qRT-PCR validation. Functional validation through transgenic hairy root overexpression demonstrated that GmCML significantly enhanced disease resistance by coordinately activating antioxidant defense systems. Overexpression of GmCML in transgenic soybean enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum by modulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT) and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances (proline and soluble sugars). Population genetic analysis of 295 diverse soybean accessions revealed three GmCML haplotypes based on promoter region polymorphisms. Two favorable variants (Hap2 and Hap3) conferred significantly lower disease indices and exhibited evidence of positive selection during domestication, indicating evolutionary importance in disease resistance. This research provides the first comprehensive characterization of GmCML’s role in soybean–Fusarium interactions, establishing this calmodulin-like protein as a regulatory hub linking calcium signaling to coordinated defense responses. The identified natural variants and functional mechanisms offer validated targets for both marker-assisted breeding and genetic engineering approaches to enhance soybean disease resistance.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen challenge yielded 1496 differentially expressed genes.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- pathogen challengee0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 1496e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RNA-seq analysis identified 1496 differentially expressed genes following pathogen challenge”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
MAPK signaling pathway was significantly enriched with 12 genes.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- enrichment in MAPK signaling pathwaye0
- Value
- 12 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant enrichment in MAPK signaling pathway (12 genes)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant–pathogen interaction pathway was significantly enriched with 13 genes.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- plant–pathogen interaction pathwaye0
- Value
- 13 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant–pathogen interaction pathway (13 genes)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight genes occurred in both enriched pathways.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- co-occurred in both pathwayse0
- Value
- Eight genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eight genes co-occurred in both pathways”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GmCML had the strongest differential expression among shared candidates.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- GmCMLe0
- Outcome
- most dramatic differential expressione0
- Comparator
- these candidatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GmCML (Glyma.10G178400) exhibiting the most dramatic differential expression among these candidates”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GmCML encodes a 151-amino acid calmodulin-like protein.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- This genee0
- Outcome
- calmodulin-like proteine0
- Value
- 151-amino acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This gene encodes a 151-amino acid calmodulin-like protein”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GmCML expression was 185-fold higher in resistant plants at 17 days post-inoculation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- resistant plantse0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 185-folde0
- Qualifier
- 17 days post-inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“185-fold higher expression in resistant plants at 17 days post-inoculation”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GmCML overexpression significantly enhanced disease resistance.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- transgenic hairy root overexpressione0
- Gene
- GmCMLe0
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Functional validation through transgenic hairy root overexpression demonstrated that GmCML significantly enhanced disease resistance”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GmCML overexpression modulated antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of GmCMLe0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Gene
- GmCMLe0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of GmCML in transgenic soybean enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum by modulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GmCML overexpression modulated proline and soluble sugar accumulation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of GmCMLe0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Gene
- GmCMLe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of osmoregulatory substances (proline and soluble sugars)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of GmCML in transgenic soybean enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum by modulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT) and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances (proline and soluble sugars)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Three GmCML promoter haplotypes were found among 295 accessions.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- diverse soybean accessionse0
- Gene
- GmCMLe0
- Outcome
- three GmCML haplotypese0
- Value
- threee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Population genetic analysis of 295 diverse soybean accessions revealed three GmCML haplotypes based on promoter region polymorphisms”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hap2 conferred significantly lower disease indices.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Hap2e0
- Outcome
- disease indicese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two favorable variants (Hap2 and Hap3) conferred significantly lower disease indices”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hap3 conferred significantly lower disease indices.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Hap3e0
- Outcome
- disease indicese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two favorable variants (Hap2 and Hap3) conferred significantly lower disease indices”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hap2 showed evidence of positive selection during domestication.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Hap2e0
- Outcome
- evidence of positive selection during domesticatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two favorable variants (Hap2 and Hap3) conferred significantly lower disease indices and exhibited evidence of positive selection during domestication”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hap3 showed evidence of positive selection during domestication.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Hap3e0
- Outcome
- evidence of positive selection during domesticatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two favorable variants (Hap2 and Hap3) conferred significantly lower disease indices and exhibited evidence of positive selection during domestication”
t0“Soybean”