Abstract
While nitrogen is essential for rice production, excessive application promotes lodging, threatening yield stability. In this study, we evaluated the impact of three nitrogen application rates (105, 165, and 225 kg ha−1) on yield formation and lodging resistance in two elite late-season indica rice varieties—Meixiangzhan 2 (MXZ2) and Taiyou 871 (TY871). Our findings demonstrate that (1) elevated nitrogen increased productive panicle number but reduced grains per panicle and percentage of filled grains. (2) High nitrogen inputs substantially elevated the lodging risk, with the lodging index increasing by 20.4% and 45.7% in MXZ2, and by 15.4% and 38.3% in TY871, at 165 and 225 kg ha−1, respectively. (3) Reduced mechanical strength—associated with impaired morphological structure (e.g., increased plant height and height of gravity center), diminished structural carbohydrate content in sheaths and culms, and expanded pith cavity area—collectively contributed to the increased lodging susceptibility with elevated nitrogen. (4) MXZ2, though lower-yielding, exhibited greater lodging resistance than TY871, owing to its superior culm anatomy and sheath strength. (5) Interannual climate variation—particularly low temperature and light intensity in 2020—amplified the negative effects of high nitrogen. Our results provide insights into nitrogen-driven trade-offs between yield and lodging, supporting tailored nitrogen management strategies for indica rice under varying environmental conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrogen increased productive panicle number.
- Taxon
- Indica Rice
Oryza sativa Indica Groupt0 - Treatment
- elevated nitrogene0
- Outcome
- productive panicle numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“elevated nitrogen increased productive panicle number but reduced grains per panicle and percentage of filled grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrogen reduced grains per panicle and percentage of filled grains.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Treatment
- elevated nitrogene0
- Outcome
- grains per panicle and percentage of filled grainse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“elevated nitrogen increased productive panicle number but reduced grains per panicle and percentage of filled grains”
Claim · model-written summary
At 165 kg ha−1, MXZ2 had a 20.4% increase in lodging index.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- MXZ2e0
- Treatment
- 165e0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 20.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“High nitrogen inputs substantially elevated the lodging risk, with the lodging index increasing by 20.4% and 45.7% in MXZ2, and by 15.4% and 38.3% in TY871, at 165 and 225 kg ha−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 225 kg ha−1, MXZ2 had a 45.7% increase in lodging index.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- MXZ2e0
- Treatment
- 225 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 45.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“High nitrogen inputs substantially elevated the lodging risk, with the lodging index increasing by 20.4% and 45.7% in MXZ2, and by 15.4% and 38.3% in TY871, at 165 and 225 kg ha−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 165 kg ha−1, TY871 had a 15.4% increase in lodging index.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- TY871e0
- Treatment
- 165e0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 15.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“High nitrogen inputs substantially elevated the lodging risk, with the lodging index increasing by 20.4% and 45.7% in MXZ2, and by 15.4% and 38.3% in TY871, at 165 and 225 kg ha−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 225 kg ha−1, TY871 had a 38.3% increase in lodging index.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- TY871e0
- Treatment
- 225 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 38.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“High nitrogen inputs substantially elevated the lodging risk, with the lodging index increasing by 20.4% and 45.7% in MXZ2, and by 15.4% and 38.3% in TY871, at 165 and 225 kg ha−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrogen was associated with reduced mechanical strength and increased lodging susceptibility.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Treatment
- elevated nitrogene0
- Outcome
- mechanical strengthe0
- Direction
- Reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“Reduced mechanical strength—associated with impaired morphological structure (e.g., increased plant height and height of gravity center), diminished structural carbohydrate content in sheaths and culms, and expanded pith cavity area—collectively contributed to the increased lodging susceptibility with elevated nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrogen was associated with increased plant height and height of gravity center.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Treatment
- elevated nitrogene1
- Outcome
- plant height and height of gravity centere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“increased plant height and height of gravity center”
e1“with elevated nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrogen was associated with diminished structural carbohydrate content in sheaths and culms.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- sheaths and culmse0
- Treatment
- elevated nitrogene1
- Outcome
- structural carbohydrate contente0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“diminished structural carbohydrate content in sheaths and culms”
e1“with elevated nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated nitrogen was associated with expanded pith cavity area.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Treatment
- elevated nitrogene1
- Outcome
- pith cavity areae0
- Direction
- expandede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“expanded pith cavity area”
e1“with elevated nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
MXZ2 yielded less than TY871.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- MXZ2e0
- Outcome
- lower-yieldinge0
- Direction
- lower-yieldinge0
- Comparator
- TY871e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“MXZ2, though lower-yielding, exhibited greater lodging resistance than TY871”
Claim · model-written summary
MXZ2 had greater lodging resistance than TY871.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- MXZ2e0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- TY871e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“MXZ2, though lower-yielding, exhibited greater lodging resistance than TY871”
Claim · model-written summary
MXZ2 had superior culm anatomy and sheath strength.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- MXZ2e1
- Outcome
- culm anatomy and sheath strengthe0
- Direction
- superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“owing to its superior culm anatomy and sheath strength”
e1“MXZ2, though lower-yielding”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature and light intensity in 2020 amplified the negative effects of high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Indica RiceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Treatment
- high nitrogene0
- Outcome
- negative effects of high nitrogene0
- Direction
- amplifiede0
- Setting
- 2020e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Indica Rice”
e0“Interannual climate variation—particularly low temperature and light intensity in 2020—amplified the negative effects of high nitrogen”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
241 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1,803 in the opposite direction
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