Abstract
This study investigated the changes in the volatile metabolome of C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao” (Chuanchenpi) after aging for 1, 2, and 3 y. Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, we analyzed Chenpi samples aged for 1 (CR1), 2 (CR2), and 3 (CR3) years. A total of 782 distinct volatile metabolites were provisionally identified, with terpenoids (28.52%), esters (14.45%), ketones (9.97%), heterocyclic compounds (8.44%), and alcohols (8.18%) being the predominant classes. Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA and OPLS-DA) revealed clear differentiation in volatile profiles among the three aging groups. Comparative analysis showed a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2, but a significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3, and particularly from CR2 to CR3. The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature, characterized by significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids (bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one, 4,6,6-trimethyl-; 2-methyl-6-methyleneocta-2,7-dien-4-one), phenols (phenol, 2-propyl-), aldehydes (2-nonenal (Z)), and unique nitrogen (acetonitrile, 2,2’-iminobis-) and sulfur-containing compounds. KEGG pathway analysis highlighted significant enrichment in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, especially terpenoid pathways, which intensified with aging. These findings demostrate that 3 y of aging substantially enhances the aromatic complexity of Dahongpao Chenpi, offering strategies for quality standards, processing, and industrial application.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
A total of 782 volatile metabolites were provisionally identified.
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Citrus reticulataOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
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Verbatim
e0“A total of 782 distinct volatile metabolites were provisionally identified”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Terpenoids were the predominant class at 28.52%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“terpenoids (28.52%), esters (14.45%), ketones (9.97%), heterocyclic compounds (8.44%), and alcohols (8.18%) being the predominant classes”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Esters represented 14.45% of volatiles.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“esters (14.45%)”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Ketones represented 9.97% of volatiles.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ketones (9.97%)”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterocyclic compounds represented 8.44% of volatiles.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heterocyclic compounds (8.44%)”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Alcohols represented 8.18% of volatiles.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alcohols (8.18%)”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile profiles differed among three aging groups.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clear differentiation in volatile profiles among the three aging groups”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatiles decreased from CR1 to CR2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatiles accumulated from CR1 to CR3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatiles accumulated particularly from CR2 to CR3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“particularly from CR2 to CR3”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year Chenpi had the most complex enriched volatile signature.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year Chenpi had higher levels of specified terpenoids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids (bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one, 4,6,6-trimethyl-; 2-methyl-6-methyleneocta-2,7-dien-4-one)”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year Chenpi had higher levels of phenol and 2-nonenal.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenols (phenol, 2-propyl-), aldehydes (2-nonenal (Z))”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Unique nitrogen and sulfur compounds characterized three-year Chenpi.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unique nitrogen (acetonitrile, 2,2’-iminobis-) and sulfur-containing compounds”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary metabolite and terpenoid pathways showed aging-related enrichment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant enrichment in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, especially terpenoid pathways, which intensified with aging”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
e2“C. reticulata cv. “Dahongpao””
e3“The 3 y Chenpi exhibited the most complex and enriched volatile signature”
e4“significantly higher levels of specific terpenoids”
e5“a net decrease in volatiles from CR1 to CR2”
e6“significant net up-accumulation of diverse compounds from CR1 to CR3”