Abstract
UV radiation, particularly UVB, has a large photobiological influence on plants by altering both their biological and biochemical activity. While excessive UVC and UVB exposure can lead to reduced growth, unusual metabolic activity, and impaired photosynthesis, moderate levels of UV act as an environmental signal that plays a crucial role in shaping the biosynthesis and storage of secondary metabolites in plants. This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation in terms of growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, and diosgenin content. A split-plot experimental design with three replicates was implemented, where UV radiation was applied at four levels (control, UVA, UVB, and UVA + UVB) as the main factor, and stress-mitigating treatments (control, 1 mM ascorbic acid, 100 μM melatonin, and their combination) were treated as the secondary factor. The results indicated that UVB radiation decreased biomass and variable chlorophyll fluorescence, while elevating minimal fluorescence, malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, and the presence of enzymatic) ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (phenolics, flavonoids) antioxidants. UVA radiation had no significant impact on malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, or chlorophyll fluorescence; however, it did enhance biomass and yield. Application of melatonin and ascorbic acid increased T. foenum-graecum yield and variable chlorophyll fluorescence. Their combined application reduced electrolyte leakage, minimal fluorescence, and malondialdehyde levels, particularly under UVB conditions. The study underscored the positive impact of exogenous ascorbic acid and melatonin on the total phenolic and flavonoid content of T. foenum-graecum under UVB radiation, despite decreasing the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes. Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA, and UVB treatments upregulated the expression levels of genes such as SEP, SQS, CAS SSR, SMT, and C7, leading to increased diosgenin biosynthesis. The results indicated that the application of melatonin, ascorbic acid, and UV light may represent effective strategies for enhancing diosgenin synthesis in Trigonella foenum-graecum by upregulating the expression of genes involved in its biosynthetic pathway. However, further experimental validation is necessary to confirm these findings.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
UVB radiation decreased biomass and variable chlorophyll fluorescence in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum
Trigonella foenum-graecume0 - Treatment
- UVB radiatione1
- Outcome
- biomass and variable chlorophyll fluorescencee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“The results indicated that UVB radiation decreased biomass and variable chlorophyll fluorescence”
Claim · model-written summary
UVB radiation elevated minimal fluorescence, malondialdehyde levels and electrolyte leakage in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- UVB radiatione1
- Outcome
- minimal fluorescence, malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakagee4
- Direction
- elevatinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“The results indicated that UVB radiation decreased biomass and variable chlorophyll fluorescence”
e4“elevating minimal fluorescence, malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, and the presence of enzymatic) ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (phenolics, flavonoids) antioxidants”
Claim · model-written summary
UVB radiation elevated ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- UVB radiatione1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutasee4
- Direction
- elevatinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“The results indicated that UVB radiation decreased biomass and variable chlorophyll fluorescence”
e4“elevating minimal fluorescence, malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, and the presence of enzymatic) ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (phenolics, flavonoids) antioxidants”
Claim · model-written summary
UVB radiation elevated phenolics and flavonoids in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- UVB radiatione1
- Outcome
- phenolics, flavonoidse4
- Direction
- elevatinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“The results indicated that UVB radiation decreased biomass and variable chlorophyll fluorescence”
e4“elevating minimal fluorescence, malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, and the presence of enzymatic) ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (phenolics, flavonoids) antioxidants”
Claim · model-written summary
UVA radiation had no significant impact on malondialdehyde levels and electrolyte leakage in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- UVA radiatione5
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakagee5
- Direction
- no significant impacte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e5“UVA radiation had no significant impact on malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, or chlorophyll fluorescence”
Claim · model-written summary
UVA radiation had no significant impact on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- UVA radiatione5
- Outcome
- enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidantse5
- Direction
- no significant impacte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e5“UVA radiation had no significant impact on malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, or chlorophyll fluorescence”
Claim · model-written summary
UVA radiation had no significant impact on chlorophyll fluorescence in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- UVA radiatione5
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescencee5
- Direction
- no significant impacte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e5“UVA radiation had no significant impact on malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, or chlorophyll fluorescence”
Claim · model-written summary
UVA radiation enhanced biomass and yield in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- UVA radiatione5
- Outcome
- biomass and yielde6
- Direction
- enhancee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e5“UVA radiation had no significant impact on malondialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, or chlorophyll fluorescence”
e6“however, it did enhance biomass and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin and ascorbic acid increased fenugreek yield and variable chlorophyll fluorescence.
- Taxon
- T. foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume7
- Treatment
- Application of melatonin and ascorbic acide7
- Outcome
- yield and variable chlorophyll fluorescencee7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Application of melatonin and ascorbic acid increased T. foenum-graecum yield and variable chlorophyll fluorescence”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application reduced electrolyte leakage, minimal fluorescence and malondialdehyde levels, particularly under UVB.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- combined applicatione1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, minimal fluorescence, and malondialdehyde levelse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- particularly under UVB conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“Their combined application reduced electrolyte leakage, minimal fluorescence, and malondialdehyde levels, particularly under UVB conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ascorbic acid and melatonin had a positive impact on total phenolic and flavonoid content under UVB radiation.
- Taxon
- T. foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Treatment
- exogenous ascorbic acid and melatonine1
- Outcome
- total phenolic and flavonoid contente1
- Direction
- positive impacte1
- Qualifier
- under UVB radiatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“The study underscored the positive impact of exogenous ascorbic acid and melatonin on the total phenolic and flavonoid content of T. foenum-graecum under UVB radiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ascorbic acid and melatonin decreased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- exogenous ascorbic acid and melatonine1
- Outcome
- activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymese2
- Direction
- decreasinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“The study underscored the positive impact of exogenous ascorbic acid and melatonin on the total phenolic and flavonoid content of T. foenum-graecum under UVB radiation”
e2“despite decreasing the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA and UVB treatments upregulated expression of SEP, SQS and CAS SSR in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA, and UVB treatmentse1
- Gene
- SEP, SQS, CAS SSRe1
- Outcome
- expression levels of genese1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA, and UVB treatments upregulated the expression levels of genes such as SEP, SQS, CAS SSR, SMT, and C7, leading to increased diosgenin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA and UVB treatments upregulated expression of SMT and C7 in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA, and UVB treatmentse1
- Gene
- SMT, and C7e1
- Outcome
- expression levels of genese1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA, and UVB treatments upregulated the expression levels of genes such as SEP, SQS, CAS SSR, SMT, and C7, leading to increased diosgenin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA and UVB treatments increased diosgenin biosynthesis in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA, and UVB treatmentse1
- Outcome
- diosgenin biosynthesise1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This research aimed to explore how exogenous melatonin and ascorbic acid influence the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. response to UVA and UVB radiation”
e1“Melatonin, ascorbic acid, UVA, and UVB treatments upregulated the expression levels of genes such as SEP, SQS, CAS SSR, SMT, and C7, leading to increased diosgenin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin, ascorbic acid and UV light may be effective strategies for enhancing diosgenin synthesis in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecumTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Outcome
- enhancing diosgenin synthesise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the application of melatonin, ascorbic acid, and UV light may represent effective strategies for enhancing diosgenin synthesis in Trigonella foenum-graecum”
The same questions in other papers
melatonin · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
ascorbic acid · physiology: photosynthesis · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
melatonin · physiology: photosynthesis · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
melatonin · quality: phytochemicals · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
melatonin · molecular: expression · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
melatonin · molecular: metabolites · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
uv · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
uv · quality: phytochemicals · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.