Abstract
Biochar amendment and halophyte intercropping are viable strategies for alleviating soil degradation in greenhouse systems, specifically the secondary salinization and autotoxicity induced by continuous cropping. Nevertheless, the potential synergistic effects of combining these practices remain poorly understood. This study investigated their synergistic effects on soil properties, microbial communities, and cucumber performance. A pot experiment was conducted with the following treatments: soil without amendment (CK), biochar (B), Paspalum vaginatum intercropping (S), and biochar combined with Paspalum vaginatum intercropping. The results showed that BS treatment led to the highest increases in soil organic carbon content, pH, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, and available potassium content compared to CK (p<0.05). Concurrently, BS significantly reduced available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, Na + , SO 4 2- , and Cl - levels, while total phosphorus remained unaffected. Cucumber yield increased significantly by 11.50% and 27.12% under B and BS treatments, respectively, whereas S showed no significant effect. BS also achieved the highest fruit quality enhancement, followed by B and S. Notably, B and S treatments displayed the highest and lowest K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ accumulation, respectively, whereas the BS treatment led to K + and Ca 2+ concentrations that were significantly lower than those in the B treatment. Soil bacterial diversity was significantly enhanced under BS. The PLS-PM identified the alleviation of soil salinity and acidity, along with improved nutrient availability, as the primary drivers for enhanced crop performance, with soil bacterial diversity playing a secondary yet significant role. These findings suggest that biochar combined with intercropping (BS) effectively mitigates continuous cropping obstacles in greenhouse systems by synergistically improving soil health and microbial ecology.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased soil organic carbon, pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium most.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- BS treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon content, pH, total nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- highest increasese0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BS treatment led to the highest increases in soil organic carbon content, pH, total nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, and available potassium content compared to CK (p<0.05).”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment reduced available nitrogen, conductivity and three ions.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- BSe0
- Outcome
- available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, Na +e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BS significantly reduced available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, Na + , SO 4 2- , and Cl - levels, while total phosphorus remained unaffected.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phosphorus was unaffected under combined treatment.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- BSe0
- Outcome
- total phosphoruse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BS significantly reduced available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, Na + , SO 4 2- , and Cl - levels, while total phosphorus remained unaffected.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased cucumber yield by 11.50%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cucumber yield increased significantly by 11.50% and 27.12% under B and BS treatments, respectively, whereas S showed no significant effect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased cucumber yield by 27.12%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cucumber yield increased significantly by 11.50% and 27.12% under B and BS treatments, respectively, whereas S showed no significant effect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping alone had no significant yield effect.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cucumber yield increased significantly by 11.50% and 27.12% under B and BS treatments, respectively, whereas S showed no significant effect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment produced the greatest fruit quality enhancement.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- BSe0
- Outcome
- fruit quality enhancemente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- B and Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BS also achieved the highest fruit quality enhancement, followed by B and S.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar alone gave highest potassium, calcium and magnesium accumulation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ accumulatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B and S treatments displayed the highest and lowest K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ accumulation, respectively”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping alone gave lowest potassium, calcium and magnesium accumulation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ accumulatione0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B and S treatments displayed the highest and lowest K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ accumulation, respectively”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment had lower potassium and calcium concentrations than biochar alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- BS treatmente0
- Outcome
- K + and Ca 2+ concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- B treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BS treatment led to K + and Ca 2+ concentrations that were significantly lower than those in the B treatment.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment enhanced soil bacterial diversity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- BSe0
- Outcome
- Soil bacterial diversitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil bacterial diversity was significantly enhanced under BS.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Modeling identified salinity, acidity and nutrient availability as principal drivers of crop performance.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- improved nutrient availabilitye0
- Outcome
- crop performancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- soil salinity and aciditye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PLS-PM identified the alleviation of soil salinity and acidity, along with improved nutrient availability, as the primary drivers for enhanced crop performance, with soil bacterial diversity playing a secondary yet significant role.”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bacterial diversity played a secondary but significant role in enhanced crop performance.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- soil bacterial diversitye0
- Outcome
- soil bacterial diversitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with soil bacterial diversity playing a secondary yet significant role.”
t0“cucumber”
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