Abstract
To clarify the role and mechanism of sod-seeding patterns in improving soil fertility and mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in peach orchards, we conducted a study since 2023. Taking clean tillage (CK) as the control, three sod-seeding patterns—Trifolium repens–Lolium perenne mixed sowing (TPr), T. repens single sowing (Tr), and L. perenne single sowing (Pr)—were tested to analyze soil physicochemical properties, nitrogen cycle functional genes, and N2O emission-related genes, and to explore the driving mechanism of N2O mitigation. Results showed that all three sod-seeding patterns significantly reduced soil pH and bulk density, increased soil electrical conductivity and mean aggregate size, and improved soil nutrient status compared with CK; TPr performed best, significantly enhancing soil enzyme activities related to carbon and nitrogen cycles. Sod-seeding patterns had no significant effect on genes involved in assimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification, or nitrification, but significantly increased dissimilatory nitrate reduction (DNRA) and nitrogen degradation gene abundances, and reduced N2O-producing gene (amoA + amoB, nirS + nirK) abundances. Field monitoring indicated TPr reduced N2O emissions by 34.0%, 35.7%, and 41.0%, relative to CK, Pr, and Tr, respectively. Structural equation modeling revealed that sod-seeding reduced N2O emissions mainly by decreasing soil NH4+-N content and nirS + nirK abundance. In conclusion, sod-seeding patterns improve soil fertility and mitigate N2O emissions in peach orchards, with TPr showing the best comprehensive benefits.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All three sod-seeding patterns significantly reduced soil pH and bulk density compared with clean tillage.
- Taxon
- peach
Prunus persicat1 - Treatment
- sod-seeding patternse0
- Outcome
- soil pH and bulk densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e0“all three sod-seeding patterns significantly reduced soil pH and bulk density, increased soil electrical conductivity and mean aggregate size, and improved soil nutrient status compared with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod-seeding patterns increased soil electrical conductivity and mean aggregate size compared with clean tillage.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- sod-seeding patternse0
- Outcome
- soil electrical conductivity and mean aggregate sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e0“all three sod-seeding patterns significantly reduced soil pH and bulk density, increased soil electrical conductivity and mean aggregate size, and improved soil nutrient status compared with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod-seeding patterns improved soil nutrient status compared with clean tillage.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- sod-seeding patternse0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient statuse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e0“all three sod-seeding patterns significantly reduced soil pH and bulk density, increased soil electrical conductivity and mean aggregate size, and improved soil nutrient status compared with CK”
Claim · model-written summary
The TPr pattern significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities related to carbon and nitrogen cycles.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- TPre1
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activities related to carbon and nitrogen cyclese1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e1“TPr performed best, significantly enhancing soil enzyme activities related to carbon and nitrogen cycles”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod-seeding patterns had no significant effect on genes for assimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification or nitrification.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- Sod-seeding patternse2
- Outcome
- genes involved in assimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification, or nitrificatione2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e2“Sod-seeding patterns had no significant effect on genes involved in assimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification, or nitrification”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod-seeding patterns significantly increased DNRA and nitrogen degradation gene abundances.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- Sod-seeding patternse2
- Outcome
- dissimilatory nitrate reduction (DNRA) and nitrogen degradation gene abundancese3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e2“Sod-seeding patterns had no significant effect on genes involved in assimilatory nitrate reduction”
e3“significantly increased dissimilatory nitrate reduction (DNRA) and nitrogen degradation gene abundances”
Claim · model-written summary
Sod-seeding patterns reduced abundances of N2O-producing genes amoA + amoB and nirS + nirK.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- Sod-seeding patternse2
- Gene
- amoA + amoB, nirS + nirKe4
- Outcome
- N2O-producing genee4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e2“Sod-seeding patterns had no significant effect on genes involved in assimilatory nitrate reduction”
e4“reduced N2O-producing gene (amoA + amoB, nirS + nirK) abundances”
Claim · model-written summary
TPr reduced N2O emissions by 34.0% relative to clean tillage.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- TPre5
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 34.0%e5
- Comparator
- CKe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e5“TPr reduced N2O emissions by 34.0%, 35.7%, and 41.0%, relative to CK, Pr, and Tr, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TPr reduced N2O emissions by 35.7% relative to the Pr pattern.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- TPre5
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 35.7%e5
- Comparator
- Pre5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e5“TPr reduced N2O emissions by 34.0%, 35.7%, and 41.0%, relative to CK, Pr, and Tr, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TPr reduced N2O emissions by 41.0% relative to the Tr pattern.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- TPre5
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 41.0%e5
- Comparator
- Tre5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e5“TPr reduced N2O emissions by 34.0%, 35.7%, and 41.0%, relative to CK, Pr, and Tr, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Structural equation modeling indicates sod-seeding reduced N2O emissions mainly through lower soil NH4+-N and nirS + nirK abundance.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- sod-seedinge6
- Gene
- nirS + nirKe6
- Compound
- NH4+-Ne6
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e6“Structural equation modeling revealed that sod-seeding reduced N2O emissions mainly by decreasing soil NH4+-N content and nirS + nirK abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
TPr showed the best comprehensive benefits among the sod-seeding patterns in peach orchards.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicat1
- Treatment
- TPre7
- Outcome
- best comprehensive benefitse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Peach Orchards”
e7“TPr showing the best comprehensive benefits”