Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Salinity stress is a detrimental abiotic constraint that threatens agricultural productivity worldwide. Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), although moderately salt‐tolerant, still suffers significant physiological and yield losses under high salinity. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of five soil amendments (biochar ‘Bc’, compost ‘Cp’, black soldier fly frass ‘If’, cattle manure ‘Cm’ and phosphogypsum ‘Pg’) on enhancing the salinity tolerance of three quinoa varieties (Puno, ICBA‐Q5 and Titicaca) grown under 16 dS m −1 NaCl stress in greenhouse trials, alongside salinized (C−) and non‐salinized (C+) controls. RESULTS Salinity stress significantly reduced quinoa performance across all agrophysiological traits in the three varieties. However, soil amendments effectively alleviated these effects. ‘Cm’ notably improved leaf water potential by 48%, 18.66% and 18.19% in Pn, Q5 and Tc, respectively. Biochar increased leaf water potential by 56.61% for Puno. Amendments also reduced membrane damage, with a reduced relative leakage ratio by 30% in Pn by ‘Cm’ and 36% in Tc by ‘Pg’ application. Nitrate reductase activity was highest with ‘If’ compared to ‘C−’ in Q5 variety (1.479 vs. 0.889 mmol NO₂ − g −1 h −1 ). Phosphogypsum significantly enhanced 1000‐grain weight by over 187% in all varieties. CONCLUSION Soil amendments substantially improved quinoa's physiological resilience and productivity under severe salinity, with phosphogypsum effectiveness for grain weight, cattle manure and biochar for water relations, and insect frass for nitrogen metabolism. These findings highlight the value of integrating these amendments to sustain quinoa cultivation in saline soils and warrant further field validation to optimize amendment combinations for broader agro‐ecological contexts. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced agrophysiological performance in three varieties.
- Taxon
- quinoa
Chenopodium quinoae0 - Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- quinoa performancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced quinoa performance across all agrophysiological traits in the three varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure improved leaf water potential by 48% in Pn.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Pne0
- Treatment
- ‘Cm’e0
- Outcome
- leaf water potentiale0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Cm’ notably improved leaf water potential by 48%, 18.66% and 18.19% in Pn, Q5 and Tc, respectively”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure improved leaf water potential by 18.66% in Q5.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Q5e0
- Treatment
- ‘Cm’e0
- Outcome
- leaf water potentiale0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 18.66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Cm’ notably improved leaf water potential by 48%, 18.66% and 18.19% in Pn, Q5 and Tc, respectively”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure improved leaf water potential by 18.19% in Tc.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Tce0
- Treatment
- ‘Cm’e0
- Outcome
- leaf water potentiale0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 18.19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Cm’ notably improved leaf water potential by 48%, 18.66% and 18.19% in Pn, Q5 and Tc, respectively”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased Puno leaf water potential by 56.61%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Punoe0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- leaf water potentiale0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 56.61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar increased leaf water potential by 56.61% for Puno”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle manure reduced Pn leakage ratio by 30%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Pne0
- Treatment
- ‘Cm’e0
- Outcome
- relative leakage ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced relative leakage ratio by 30% in Pn by ‘Cm’”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphogypsum reduced Tc leakage ratio by 36%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Tce0
- Treatment
- ‘Pg’ applicatione0
- Outcome
- relative leakage ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced relative leakage ratio by 30% in Pn by ‘Cm’ and 36% in Tc by ‘Pg’ application”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect frass gave Q5 the highest nitrate reductase activity relative to salinized control.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Material
- Q5e0
- Treatment
- ‘If’e0
- Outcome
- Nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.479 vs. 0.889 mmol NO₂ − g −1 h −1e0
- Comparator
- ‘C−’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate reductase activity was highest with ‘If’ compared to ‘C−’ in Q5 variety (1.479 vs. 0.889 mmol NO₂ − g −1 h −1 )”
t0“quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphogypsum increased thousand grain weight by over 187% across varieties.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- Phosphogypsume0
- Outcome
- 1000‐grain weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- over 187%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphogypsum significantly enhanced 1000‐grain weight by over 187% in all varieties”
t0“quinoa”
The same questions in other papers
biochar · physiology: water · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.