Abstract
Abstract The pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae has a wide host range and produces large numbers of oospores, which are resistant to adverse conditions and can be easily transported to new locations in plants or soil debris. To better understand the conditions under which P. kernoviae oospores will germinate, oospores were incubated in solutions over a range of pH levels (3.6, 5.4, 6.9, 9.3, 11.9). Germination differed by pH ( P < 0.0001), with the lowest germination (20%) occurring at pH 3.6. Consistently high germination (80.8 to 84.3%) was observed at pH 6.8, 9.3, and 11.9. To determine the effect of soil type on infection and detection of P. kernoviae , three different soils (pH 4.2, 5.2, and 7.4) were infested with oospores (1, 10, 100, and 1000 oospores / cc soil) and baited with Rhododendron ponticum leaves. Disease development, as measured by proportion of symptomatic leaf baits, differed based on soil under inoculum concentrations of 1, 100, and 1000 oospores / cc soil ( P < 0.05). No leaf disks became infected in the acidic soil (pH 4.2) at any of the inoculum concentrations tested. Infection in the slightly alkaline soil (pH 7.4) ranged from 0 to 89.2% across the inoculum concentrations, and 3.3 to 100% in the pH 5.2 soil. However, when calcium carbonate was added to the acidic soil, increasing the pH to 6.1, 90% of the leaf discs became infected, showing that pH alone can suppress infection. This study provides useful information on the biology of P. kernoviae oospores, which can play an important role in the long-distance spread of this pathogen. The suppression of germination and infection under acidic conditions will determine which habitats the pathogen is most likely to colonize and could lead to the development of treatments for oospore deactivation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Germination of P. kernoviae oospores differed by pH level.
- Taxon
- Phytophthora kernoviae
Phytophthora kernoviaet0 - Treatment
- pHe0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“Germination differed by pH ( P < 0.0001)”
Claim · model-written summary
Oospore germination was lowest (20%) at pH 3.6.
- Taxon
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0
- Treatment
- pH 3.6e0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“the lowest germination (20%) occurring at pH 3.6”
Claim · model-written summary
Oospore germination was consistently high (80.8 to 84.3%) at pH 6.8, 9.3 and 11.9.
- Taxon
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0
- Treatment
- pH 6.8, 9.3, and 11.9e0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 80.8 to 84.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“Consistently high germination (80.8 to 84.3%) was observed at pH 6.8, 9.3, and 11.9”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease development on Rhododendron ponticum leaf baits, measured as the proportion of symptomatic baits, differed among soils at inoculum concentrations of 1, 100 and 1000 oospores per cc soil.
- Taxon
- Rhododendron ponticum
_Rhododendron_ponticum_-_flower_bud.jpg?width=60)
Rhododendron ponticume0 - Treatment
- soile1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- Disease developmente1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Rhododendron_ponticum_-_flower_bud.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“baited with Rhododendron ponticum leaves”
e1“Disease development, as measured by proportion of symptomatic leaf baits, differed based on soil under inoculum concentrations of 1, 100, and 1000 oospores / cc soil ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
No leaf disks became infected in the acidic soil (pH 4.2) at any inoculum concentration tested.
- Taxon
- Rhododendron ponticumRhododendron ponticume0
- Treatment
- acidic soil (pH 4.2)e1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf disks became infectede1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“baited with Rhododendron ponticum leaves”
e1“No leaf disks became infected in the acidic soil (pH 4.2) at any of the inoculum concentrations tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection in the slightly alkaline soil (pH 7.4) ranged from 0 to 89.2% across inoculum concentrations.
- Taxon
- Rhododendron ponticumRhododendron ponticume0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- Infectione1
- Value
- 0 to 89.2%e1
- Qualifier
- across the inoculum concentrationse1
- Setting
- slightly alkaline soil (pH 7.4)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“baited with Rhododendron ponticum leaves”
e1“Infection in the slightly alkaline soil (pH 7.4) ranged from 0 to 89.2% across the inoculum concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection in the pH 5.2 soil ranged from 3.3 to 100% across inoculum concentrations.
- Taxon
- Rhododendron ponticumRhododendron ponticume0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- Infectione1
- Value
- 3.3 to 100%e1
- Setting
- pH 5.2 soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“baited with Rhododendron ponticum leaves”
e1“Infection in the slightly alkaline soil (pH 7.4) ranged from 0 to 89.2% across the inoculum concentrations, and 3.3 to 100% in the pH 5.2 soil”
Claim · model-written summary
When calcium carbonate was added to the acidic soil, raising the pH to 6.1, 90% of the leaf discs became infected.
- Taxon
- Rhododendron ponticumRhododendron ponticume0
- Treatment
- calcium carbonate was added to the acidic soile1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf discs became infectede1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 90%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“baited with Rhododendron ponticum leaves”
e1“when calcium carbonate was added to the acidic soil, increasing the pH to 6.1, 90% of the leaf discs became infected”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that pH alone can suppress infection.
- Taxon
- Rhododendron ponticumRhododendron ponticume0
- Treatment
- pHe1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- infectione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“baited with Rhododendron ponticum leaves”
e1“showing that pH alone can suppress infection”
Claim · model-written summary
The suppression of germination and infection under acidic conditions is proposed to determine which habitats the pathogen is most likely to colonize.
- Taxon
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0
- Treatment
- acidic conditionse0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora kernoviaePhytophthora kernoviaet0pathogen
- Outcome
- habitats the pathogen is most likely to colonizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora kernoviae”
e0“The suppression of germination and infection under acidic conditions will determine which habitats the pathogen is most likely to colonize”