Abstract
Climate warming during early spring usually increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, field warming experiments were conducted in early spring (late wintering period) using mobile plastic greenhouses for three consecutive growing seasons from 2020 to 2023. Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK. Consequently, WT extended the duration of spike differentiation and the active growth period of winter wheat, significantly increased spike length, flag leaf area, and leaf area index. WT exhibited increased contents of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin A 3 along with decreased abscisic acid levels in both flag leaves and spikes. Furthermore, WT increased the content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) of different organs, which significantly enhanced the dry matter accumulation (DMA) and the contribution rate of stored assimilates in vegetative organs to grains. Compared to CK, WT led to significant increases of the number of fertile spikelets (NFS), fertile florets (NFF), and KNS by 9.1–19.5%, 6.8–8.4%, and 17.1–18.9%, respectively. In conclusion, WT extended the active growth period and spike differentiation duration of winter wheat, increased photosynthetic area, and regulated hormone levels, thereby increasing WSC and DMA in the spike. These promoted spike development and differentiation, ultimately significantly increase KNS. These findings provide new insights into the wheat KNS formation in the North China Plain under climate warming.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment advanced wheat regreening compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Warming treatment (WT)e1
- Outcome
- regreeninge1
- Direction
- advancede1
- Comparator
- CKe1
- Setting
- mobile plastic greenhousese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e1“Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK”
e2“field warming experiments were conducted in early spring (late wintering period) using mobile plastic greenhouses”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment reduced the daily mean temperature by 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Warming treatment (WT)e1
- Outcome
- daily mean temperature (DMT)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 1.4–1.9 °Ce1
- Comparator
- CKe1
- Setting
- mobile plastic greenhousese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e1“Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK”
e2“field warming experiments were conducted in early spring (late wintering period) using mobile plastic greenhouses”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment extended the duration of spike differentiation compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- WTe3
- Outcome
- duration of spike differentiatione3
- Direction
- extendede3
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK”
e3“WT extended the duration of spike differentiation and the active growth period of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment significantly increased spike length, flag leaf area and leaf area index compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Warming treatment (WT)e1
- Outcome
- spike length, flag leaf area, and leaf area indexe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e1“Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK”
e4“significantly increased spike length, flag leaf area, and leaf area index”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment increased the contents of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin A 3 in flag leaves and spikes compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- flag leaves and spikese5
- Treatment
- WTe5
- Outcome
- contents of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin A 3e5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e1“Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK”
e5“WT exhibited increased contents of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin A 3 along with decreased abscisic acid levels in both flag leaves and spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment decreased abscisic acid levels in flag leaves and spikes compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- flag leaves and spikese5
- Treatment
- WTe5
- Outcome
- abscisic acid levelse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e1“Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK”
e5“WT exhibited increased contents of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin A 3 along with decreased abscisic acid levels in both flag leaves and spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment increased water-soluble carbohydrate content in different organs compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- different organse6
- Treatment
- WTe6
- Outcome
- content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC)e6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e1“Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK”
e6“WT increased the content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) of different organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment enhanced dry matter accumulation and the contribution rate of stored assimilates to grains compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Warming treatment (WT)e1
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation (DMA) and the contribution rate of stored assimilates in vegetative organs to grainse7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e1“Warming treatment (WT) advanced wheat regreening and reduced the daily mean temperature (DMT) during subsequent growth stages, with a decrease of 1.4–1.9 °C from regreening to maturity compared to CK”
e7“significantly enhanced the dry matter accumulation (DMA) and the contribution rate of stored assimilates in vegetative organs to grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment increased the number of fertile spikelets by 9.1–19.5% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WTe2
- Outcome
- number of fertile spikelets (NFS)e2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 9.1–19.5%e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e2“Compared to CK, WT led to significant increases of the number of fertile spikelets (NFS), fertile florets (NFF), and KNS by 9.1–19.5%, 6.8–8.4%, and 17.1–18.9%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment increased the number of fertile florets by 6.8–8.4% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WTe2
- Outcome
- fertile florets (NFF)e2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 6.8–8.4%e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e2“Compared to CK, WT led to significant increases of the number of fertile spikelets (NFS), fertile florets (NFF), and KNS by 9.1–19.5%, 6.8–8.4%, and 17.1–18.9%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming treatment increased kernel number per spike by 17.1–18.9% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WTe2
- Outcome
- KNSe2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Value
- 17.1–18.9%e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the kernel number per spike (KNS) of winter wheat in North China”
e2“Compared to CK, WT led to significant increases of the number of fertile spikelets (NFS), fertile florets (NFF), and KNS by 9.1–19.5%, 6.8–8.4%, and 17.1–18.9%, respectively”
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