Abstract
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is cultivated primarily for its edible kernel, which serves as a valuable source of energy, essential fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Considerable variation in walnut kernel composition has been reported globally, influenced by genotype and growing environment. The present study evaluated the biochemical and nutritional composition of twenty-one walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes collected from diverse agro-climatic regions of Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The investigation aimed to quantify genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for key kernel quality traits such as moisture, protein, ash, carbohydrate, oil, fatty acids, and flavonoid content. Moisture content ranged from 2.19 % to 3.25 %, whereas kernel oil content exhibited the greatest variability (50.39 %–70.55 %), with linoleic acid predominating (44.65 %–62.49 %). Protein content varied between 17.12 % and 20.88 %, and carbohydrate content between 8.48 % and 24.43 %. Ash content ranged from 1.12 % to 2.21 %, while total flavonoid content varied from 5.43 to 26.66 mg g⁻¹ QE. High heritability and expected genetic gain for oil, ash, carbohydrate, and flavonoid content highlight their suitability for selection-based improvement. Principal component analysis indicated that oil, linoleic acid, and flavonoid content contributed most to total variability among genotypes. The results demonstrate substantial biochemical diversity that can be utilized to develop nutritionally rich, industrially valuable walnut cultivars and support the sustainable production of high-quality genotypes in temperate regions, particularly Jammu and Kashmir.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Walnut kernel moisture ranged from 2.19 % to 3.25 %.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)
Juglans regiae0e1 - Organ / stage
- kernele2
- Outcome
- Moisture contente0
- Value
- 2.19 % to 3.25 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moisture content ranged from 2.19 % to 3.25 %”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
e2“kernel quality traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Walnut kernel oil content showed the greatest variation, from 50.39 % to 70.55 %.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0e1
- Organ / stage
- kernele0
- Outcome
- kernel oil contente0
- Direction
- greatest variabilitye0
- Value
- 50.39 %–70.55 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kernel oil content exhibited the greatest variability (50.39 %–70.55 %)”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Linoleic acid predominated in walnut kernel oil at 44.65 % to 62.49 %.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0e1
- Outcome
- linoleic acide0
- Direction
- predominatinge0
- Value
- 44.65 %–62.49 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“linoleic acid predominating (44.65 %–62.49 %)”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Walnut protein content varied from 17.12 % to 20.88 %.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0e1
- Outcome
- Protein contente0
- Value
- 17.12 % and 20.88 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein content varied between 17.12 % and 20.88 %”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Walnut carbohydrate content varied from 8.48 % to 24.43 %.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0e1
- Outcome
- carbohydrate contente0
- Value
- 8.48 % and 24.43 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbohydrate content between 8.48 % and 24.43 %”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Walnut ash content ranged from 1.12 % to 2.21 %.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0e1
- Outcome
- Ash contente0
- Value
- 1.12 % to 2.21 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ash content ranged from 1.12 % to 2.21 %”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoid content varied from 5.43 to 26.66 mg g⁻¹ QE.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0e1
- Outcome
- total flavonoid contente0
- Value
- 5.43 to 26.66 mg g⁻¹ QEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total flavonoid content varied from 5.43 to 26.66 mg g⁻¹ QE”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil, ash, carbohydrate and flavonoid content had high heritability and expected genetic gain.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0e1
- Outcome
- heritability and expected genetic gaine0
- Qualifier
- oil, ash, carbohydrate, and flavonoid contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High heritability and expected genetic gain for oil, ash, carbohydrate, and flavonoid content”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil, linoleic acid and flavonoid content contributed most to variation among genotypes.
- Taxon
- walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0e1
- Material
- genotypese0
- Outcome
- total variability among genotypese0
- Qualifier
- oil, linoleic acid, and flavonoid contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oil, linoleic acid, and flavonoid content contributed most to total variability among genotypes”
e1“walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify substantial biochemical diversity useful for developing nutritionally rich walnut cultivars.
- Taxon
- Walnut (Juglans regia L.)Juglans regiae0t0
- Outcome
- develop nutritionally rich, industrially valuable walnut cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantial biochemical diversity that can be utilized to develop nutritionally rich, industrially valuable walnut cultivars”
t0“Walnut (Juglans regia L.)”