Abstract
Accurate and scalable estimation of Leaf Area Index (LAI) is essential for understanding vegetation–atmosphere interactions and assessing ecosystem services, such as air pollution removal, across spatial scales, from individual trees to entire urban landscapes. Ground-based methods provide reliable but spatially limited data, while remote sensing (RS) approaches offer broader coverage yet require extensive field validation. Neither alone sufficiently captures the structural complexity of urban vegetation. This study presents a novel framework that integrates high-resolution RS data (airborne laser scanning and multispectral imagery) with hemispherical images derived from Google Street View to estimate spatially continuous LAI and model dry deposition of air pollutants. Applied in Liberec, Czech Republic, during peak vegetation season (June 2019), the framework produced LAI estimates ranging from 0.4 to 5.3 m 2 m −2 (R 2 = 0.85, RMSE = 0.37) at both city-wide and local scales. The approach enabled high-resolution (1-m 2 ) modelling of PM₁₀ and O₃ removal across six sites representing three types of urban greenery. Urban and peri-urban forests exhibited the highest removal rates (PM₁₀: 2.54–2.91 g m −2 ; O₃: 1.85–2.07 g m −2 ), followed by public green spaces (PM₁₀: 1.38–1.49 g m −2 ; O₃: 0.99–1.07 g m −2 ), and street greenery (PM₁₀: 0.82–1.64 g m −2 ; O₃: 0.58–1.15 g m −2 ). By integrating large- and fine-scale vegetation structures, this framework highlights the role of dense, complex greenery in maximizing pollution removal and demonstrates the potential of hybrid methods for precise monitoring of green infrastructure and ecosystem service assessment in urban and peri-urban settings. • Urban greenery LAI varies spatially, affecting pollutant dry deposition efficiency. • Remote sensing and Google Street View enabled mapping city-wide high-resolution LAI. • Captures both macro-scale canopy gradients and fine-scale vegetation variability. • Accurate, low-cost, transferable method for estimating urban pollution removal.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The framework estimated urban vegetation LAI from 0.4 to 5.3 m 2 m −2.
Verbatim
e0“the framework produced LAI estimates ranging from 0.4 to 5.3 m 2 m −2”
e1“urban vegetation”
Claim · model-written summary
The LAI estimation framework achieved R 2 = 0.85.
Verbatim
e0“R 2 = 0.85”
e1“LAI estimates”
e2“urban vegetation”
Claim · model-written summary
The LAI estimation framework achieved RMSE = 0.37.
Verbatim
e0“RMSE = 0.37”
e1“LAI estimates”
e2“urban vegetation”
Claim · model-written summary
The approach enabled 1-m 2 modelling of PM₁₀ and O₃ removal.
Verbatim
e0“The approach enabled high-resolution (1-m 2 ) modelling of PM₁₀ and O₃ removal across six sites”
e1“urban greenery”
Claim · model-written summary
Urban and peri-urban forests had the highest modeled PM₁₀ removal rate, 2.54–2.91 g m −2.
Verbatim
e0“Urban and peri-urban forests exhibited the highest removal rates (PM₁₀: 2.54–2.91 g m −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Urban and peri-urban forests had the highest modeled O₃ removal rate, 1.85–2.07 g m −2.
Verbatim
e0“Urban and peri-urban forests exhibited the highest removal rates (PM₁₀: 2.54–2.91 g m −2 ; O₃: 1.85–2.07 g m −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Public green spaces had modeled PM₁₀ removal of 1.38–1.49 g m −2.
Verbatim
e0“public green spaces (PM₁₀: 1.38–1.49 g m −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Public green spaces had modeled O₃ removal of 0.99–1.07 g m −2.
Verbatim
e0“public green spaces (PM₁₀: 1.38–1.49 g m −2 ; O₃: 0.99–1.07 g m −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Street greenery had modeled PM₁₀ removal of 0.82–1.64 g m −2.
Verbatim
e0“street greenery (PM₁₀: 0.82–1.64 g m −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Street greenery had modeled O₃ removal of 0.58–1.15 g m −2.
Verbatim
e0“street greenery (PM₁₀: 0.82–1.64 g m −2 ; O₃: 0.58–1.15 g m −2”
Claim · model-written summary
Spatial variation in urban greenery LAI affected pollutant dry deposition efficiency.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Urban greenery LAI varies spatially, affecting pollutant dry deposition efficiency”