Abstract
Hemp achenes, historically valued as nutritional and medicinal resources, are rich in phytochemicals such as phenethylamines, lignanamides, and flavonoids. However, metabolomic profiles among landraces with diverse size and color phenotypes remain unclear, and the spatial distribution of secondary metabolites within hemp achenes is still largely unexplored. This study conducted a comprehensive phytochemical characterization of 26 polyphenols (6 phenethylamines, 14 lignanamides, and 6 flavonoids) and 29 cannabinoids. Subsequently, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomics approach was developed to systematically analyze metabolic differences in kernels and hulls of 20 hemp landraces with varying colors and sizes. Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AP-MALDI-MSI) was employed to map spatial localization of the 55 compounds in hemp achenes. Differential analysis revealed elevated levels of 4 phenethylamines, 1 lignanamide, and 2 flavonoids in dark achenes.. Among 5 differential cannabinoids, 2 enriched in dark achenes. and 3 in light achenes. Small achenes accumulated higher levels of 4 phenethylamines, 1 lignanamide, and 5 flavonoids versus large achenes. Among 12 differential cannabinoids, 7 enriched in small and 5 in large achenes. Differentially abundant metabolites predominantly accumulated in hulls, and AP-MALDI-MSI demonstrated distinct spatial compartmentalization of phenethylamines, flavonoids, and cannabinoids within the hull. These findings revealed phenotype-dependent metabolic diversity and compartmentalization in hemp achenes, providing important insights for precision breeding and the development of hemp-derived medicinal products. 1 Targeted UHPLC-MS/MS profiles bioactive compounds in hemp achenes. 2 Metabolic variations across hemp achene phenotypes are first revealed. 3 Darker, smaller achenes have elevated levels of lignanamides and flavonoids. 4 Bioactive metabolites in hemp achenes are spatially visualized for the first time. 5 Spatial imaging reveals cannabinoids in hemp hulls and cotyledons.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Four phenethylamines, one lignanamide and two flavonoids were enriched in dark achenes.
- Taxon
- Hemp
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativat0 - Material
- dark achenese0
- Outcome
- levels of 4 phenethylamines, 1 lignanamide, and 2 flavonoidse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differential analysis revealed elevated levels of 4 phenethylamines, 1 lignanamide, and 2 flavonoids in dark achenes.”
t0“Hemp Achenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Two differential cannabinoids were enriched in dark achenes.
- Taxon
- HempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Material
- dark achenese0
- Outcome
- differential cannabinoidse0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Value
- 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among 5 differential cannabinoids, 2 enriched in dark achenes. and 3 in light achenes.”
t0“Hemp Achenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Three differential cannabinoids were enriched in light achenes.
- Taxon
- HempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Material
- light achenese0
- Outcome
- differential cannabinoidse0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Value
- 3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among 5 differential cannabinoids, 2 enriched in dark achenes. and 3 in light achenes.”
t0“Hemp Achenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Four phenethylamines, one lignanamide and five flavonoids were more abundant in small than large achenes.
- Taxon
- HempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Material
- Small achenese0
- Outcome
- levels of 4 phenethylamines, 1 lignanamide, and 5 flavonoidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- large achenese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Small achenes accumulated higher levels of 4 phenethylamines, 1 lignanamide, and 5 flavonoids versus large achenes.”
t0“Hemp Achenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven differential cannabinoids were enriched in small achenes.
- Taxon
- HempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Material
- smalle0
- Outcome
- differential cannabinoidse0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Value
- 7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among 12 differential cannabinoids, 7 enriched in small and 5 in large achenes.”
t0“Hemp Achenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Five differential cannabinoids were enriched in large achenes.
- Taxon
- HempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Material
- large achenese0
- Outcome
- differential cannabinoidse0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Value
- 5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among 12 differential cannabinoids, 7 enriched in small and 5 in large achenes.”
t0“Hemp Achenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Differential metabolites accumulated mainly in hulls.
- Taxon
- HempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Organ / stage
- hullse0
- Outcome
- Differentially abundant metabolites predominantly accumulated in hullse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differentially abundant metabolites predominantly accumulated in hulls”
t0“Hemp Achenes”
Claim · model-written summary
Imaging showed separate localization of phenethylamines, flavonoids and cannabinoids within hulls.
- Taxon
- HempCannabis sativa subsp. sativat0
- Organ / stage
- hulle0
- Outcome
- distinct spatial compartmentalization of phenethylamines, flavonoids, and cannabinoids within the hulle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AP-MALDI-MSI demonstrated distinct spatial compartmentalization of phenethylamines, flavonoids, and cannabinoids within the hull.”
t0“Hemp Achenes”