Abstract
Fungi causing disease of cucumber fruits on farmlands in Makurdi was investigated. Diseased cucumber fruits cultivated in farmlands in Makurdi were sampled using the quadrant method. The farmland was divided into four quadrants (A, B, C and D) and the diseased fruits were sampled. They were taken to the Botany Laboratory of the Rev. Fr. Moses Orshio Adasu University for isolation of fungi. Small pieces of decaying cucumber fruits were surfaced sterilized in 5% sodium hypochlorite for 30 seconds to 1 minute and plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for fungi isolation. The pathogenicity of the isolated fungi was also carried out on healthy cucumber fruits. Data collected include incidence of fungi, occurrence of specific fungi, mean fungi count and area of rot. Data were analyzed using Chi square (χ2) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Means were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference at 5% level of significance. Two fungi were isolated namely; Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer. Results obtained showed that out of 120 cucumber fruits examined in Quadrant A, 15 representing 12.50% were infected, 25 (16.70%) out of the 150 cucumber fruits examined in Quadrant B were infected. Also, 10 (10.50%) out of the 95 cucumber fruits examined at Quadrant C were infected while 30 (18.20%) of the 165 cucumber fruits examined in Quadrant D were infected. Cucumber fruits collected from quadrant D (2.67) had higher fungi count compared to quadrant B (2.00), quadrant A (1.67) and quadrant C (1.33). Eighty 80 (15.10%) out of the 530 cucumber fruits examined in this study were infected with fungi. There was no significant incidence of fungi on infected cucumber fruits across the quadrant (χ2 = 3.69; df = 3; P = 0.29). Cucumber fruits in quadrant D recorded the highest occurrence of fungi 8 (34.80%) followed by quadrant B 6 (26.10%), quadrant A 5 (21.70%) and the least was quadrant C 4 (17.40%) respectively. Aspergillus niger had higher occurrence 12 (52.20%), followed by R. stolonifer 11 (47.80%) respectively. Chi-square analysis showed that there was no statistically significant relationship in the occurrence of specific fungi on cucumber fruits based on location (χ2 = 1.15; df = 3; P = 0.76). The area of rot caused by A. niger (5.33) cm2 and R. stolonifer (4.38) cm2 was significantly higher compared to control (0.00) cm2. The occurrence of these pathogens varied within the farmland. The pathogenicity showed that the fungi were pathogenic on healthy cucumber fruits. Thus, farmers should ensure good agronomic practices on the field such as inspecting the field regularly for any symptoms of decay on the cucumber fruits.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus niger was isolated from diseased cucumber fruits.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Interactor
- Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus nigere0pathogen - Outcome
- isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits”
e0“Two fungi were isolated namely; Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizopus stolonifer was isolated from diseased cucumber fruits.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus stolonifere0pathogen - Outcome
- isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits”
e0“Two fungi were isolated namely; Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer”
Claim · model-written summary
Quadrant A had 15 infected cucumber fruits, or 12.50%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- were infectede0
- Value
- 12.50%e0
- Setting
- Quadrant Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“out of 120 cucumber fruits examined in Quadrant A, 15 representing 12.50% were infected”
Claim · model-written summary
Quadrant B had 25 infected cucumber fruits, or 16.70%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- were infectede0
- Value
- 16.70%e0
- Setting
- Quadrant Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25 (16.70%) out of the 150 cucumber fruits examined in Quadrant B were infected”
Claim · model-written summary
Quadrant C had 10 infected cucumber fruits, or 10.50%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- were infectede0
- Value
- 10.50%e0
- Setting
- Quadrant Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10 (10.50%) out of the 95 cucumber fruits examined at Quadrant C were infected”
Claim · model-written summary
Quadrant D had 30 infected cucumber fruits, or 18.20%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- were infectede0
- Value
- 18.20%e0
- Setting
- Quadrant De0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“30 (18.20%) of the 165 cucumber fruits examined in Quadrant D were infected”
Claim · model-written summary
Quadrant D had the highest fungal count at 2.67.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cucumber fruits collected from quadrant D (2.67) had higher fungi count compared to quadrant B (2.00), quadrant A (1.67) and quadrant C (1.33)”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall, 80 of 530 cucumber fruits, or 15.10%, were infected.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- infected with fungie0
- Value
- 15.10%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eighty 80 (15.10%) out of the 530 cucumber fruits examined in this study were infected with fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal incidence did not differ significantly across quadrants.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- incidence of fungie0
- Setting
- quadrante0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant incidence of fungi on infected cucumber fruits across the quadrant (χ2 = 3.69; df = 3; P = 0.29)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal occurrence was highest in quadrant D at 34.80%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- occurrence of fungie0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 34.80%e0
- Setting
- quadrant De0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cucumber fruits in quadrant D recorded the highest occurrence of fungi 8 (34.80%) followed by quadrant B 6 (26.10%), quadrant A 5 (21.70%) and the least was quadrant C 4 (17.40%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus niger occurrence was 52.20%, higher than R. stolonifer at 47.80%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus nigerAspergillus nigere0pathogen
- Outcome
- Aspergillus niger had higher occurrencee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52.20%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits”
e0“Aspergillus niger had higher occurrence 12 (52.20%), followed by R. stolonifer 11 (47.80%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific fungal occurrence was not significantly related to location.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- occurrence of specific fungie0
- Setting
- locatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no statistically significant relationship in the occurrence of specific fungi on cucumber fruits based on location (χ2 = 1.15; df = 3; P = 0.76)”
Claim · model-written summary
A. niger caused 5.33 cm2 of rot, significantly greater than control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- A. nigere0
- Interactor
- A. nigerAspergillus nigere0pathogen
- Outcome
- area of rot caused by A. nigere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.33e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits”
e0“The area of rot caused by A. niger (5.33) cm2 and R. stolonifer (4.38) cm2 was significantly higher compared to control (0.00) cm2”
Claim · model-written summary
R. stolonifer caused 4.38 cm2 of rot, significantly greater than control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- R. stolonifere0
- Interactor
- R. stoloniferRhizopus stolonifere0pathogen
- Outcome
- area of rote0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.38e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits”
e0“The area of rot caused by A. niger (5.33) cm2 and R. stolonifer (4.38) cm2 was significantly higher compared to control (0.00) cm2”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolated fungi were pathogenic on healthy cucumber fruits.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- fungi were pathogenic on healthy cucumber fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogenicity showed that the fungi were pathogenic on healthy cucumber fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend regular field inspection for cucumber fruit decay symptoms.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- inspecting the field regularly for any symptoms of decaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“farmers should ensure good agronomic practices on the field such as inspecting the field regularly for any symptoms of decay on the cucumber fruits”