Abstract
Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), an important legume in semiarid environments, often exhibits low yield, requiring strategies to enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nutrient-use efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of single and combined inoculation with Bradyrhizobium elkanii (strain BR 2003) and Azospirillum brasilense (strain Ab-V5) on nitrogen metabolism, nutrient uptake, plant growth, and residual soil fertility in P. lunatus. Four varieties were subjected to four treatments: control (nitrogen fertilization), single inoculation with B. elkanii or A. brasilense, and co-inoculation. All inoculation strategies significantly increased root nodulation, nitrogen assimilation, and the accumulation of key macronutrients. Root nodulation increased from 1 to 12 nodules per plant in the control treatments to up to 277 nodules per plant under inoculation, while shoot nitrogen content increased by up to 91% in ‘Raio de Sol’ and 87% in ‘Cearense’. Increases in P and K were also observed, including a 48% increase in shoot P in ‘Manteiga’ and up to a 100% increase in shoot K in ‘Raio de Sol’, whereas root K increased by up to 90% under co-inoculation. The ‘Raio de Sol’ and ‘Manteiga’ varieties exhibited the most pronounced increases in growth and biomass. Additionally, inoculation improved post-cultivation soil indicators, including pH and available P and K in specific genotype-microbe combinations, and reduced electrical conductivity. These results demonstrate the strong contribution of microbial inoculation to nitrogen assimilation and nutrient acquisition, supporting its use as a promising alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilization in lima bean cultivation.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased root nodulation from 1–12 to as many as 277 nodules per plant.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.
Phaseolus lunatuse1 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Root nodulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 277 nodules per plante0
- Qualifier
- 1 to 12 nodules per plante0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All inoculation strategies significantly increased root nodulation, nitrogen assimilation, and the accumulation of key macronutrients. Root nodulation increased from 1 to 12 nodules per plant in the control treatments to up to 277 nodules per plant under inoculation”
e1“Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation significantly increased nitrogen assimilation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Treatment
- inoculation strategiese0
- Outcome
- nitrogen assimilatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control (nitrogen fertilization)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All inoculation strategies significantly increased root nodulation, nitrogen assimilation, and the accumulation of key macronutrients.”
e1“Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)”
e2“control (nitrogen fertilization), single inoculation with B. elkanii or A. brasilense, and co-inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation significantly increased macronutrient accumulation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Treatment
- inoculation strategiese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of key macronutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control (nitrogen fertilization)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All inoculation strategies significantly increased root nodulation, nitrogen assimilation, and the accumulation of key macronutrients.”
e1“Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.)”
e2“control (nitrogen fertilization), single inoculation with B. elkanii or A. brasilense, and co-inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot nitrogen rose by up to 91% in Raio de Sol.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Material
- Raio de Sole0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Outcome
- shoot nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot nitrogen content increased by up to 91% in ‘Raio de Sol’ and 87% in ‘Cearense’”
e1“Phaseolus lunatus L.”
e2“under inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot nitrogen rose by 87% in Cearense.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Material
- Cearensee0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Outcome
- shoot nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 87%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot nitrogen content increased by up to 91% in ‘Raio de Sol’ and 87% in ‘Cearense’”
e1“Phaseolus lunatus L.”
e2“under inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot phosphorus rose 48% in Manteiga.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Material
- Manteigae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Outcome
- shoot Pe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 48% increase in shoot P in ‘Manteiga’”
e1“Phaseolus lunatus L.”
e2“under inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot potassium rose by up to 100% in Raio de Sol.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Material
- Raio de Sole0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Outcome
- shoot Ke0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up to a 100% increase in shoot K in ‘Raio de Sol’”
e1“Phaseolus lunatus L.”
e2“under inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Root potassium rose by up to 90% under co-inoculation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Treatment
- co-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- root Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root K increased by up to 90% under co-inoculation”
e1“Phaseolus lunatus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Raio de Sol and Manteiga had the largest growth and biomass increases.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Material
- Raio de Sol’ and ‘Manteigae0
- Outcome
- growth and biomasse0
- Direction
- most pronounced increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ‘Raio de Sol’ and ‘Manteiga’ varieties exhibited the most pronounced increases in growth and biomass.”
e1“Phaseolus lunatus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation improved post cultivation soil pH and available phosphorus and potassium in particular genotype microbe combinations.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- pH and available P and Ke0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- specific genotype-microbe combinationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation improved post-cultivation soil indicators, including pH and available P and K in specific genotype-microbe combinations”
e1“Phaseolus lunatus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced soil electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus lunatus L.Phaseolus lunatuse1
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation improved post-cultivation soil indicators, including pH and available P and K in specific genotype-microbe combinations, and reduced electrical conductivity”
e1“Phaseolus lunatus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose microbial inoculation as an alternative to nitrogen fertilization in lima bean.
- Taxon
- lima beanPhaseolus lunatuse0
- Outcome
- promising alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supporting its use as a promising alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilization in lima bean cultivation”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · symbiosis · Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
inoculation · molecular: metabolites · Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.