Abstract
Anthocyanins are the primary colorants and antioxidants in black rice pericarp. However, the mechanisms by which salt stress affects anthocyanin metabolism and color remain unclear. Here, a two-year field experiment was performed on two black rice varieties under irrigation with freshwater, 2.0‰ brine, and 4.0‰ brine. Results showed that salt stress decreased the anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity while increasing the L *, a *, b *, and Δ E values in pericarp. This color loss resulted from dual regulatory mechanisms: salt stress suppressed the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (by downregulating key genes including PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, ANS, and their corresponding enzyme activities) and activated its degradation (by upregulating BGLU and Prx genes), thereby reducing the accumulation of the main anthocyanins (cyanidin-3- O -glucoside and peonidin-3- O -glucoside). Fifteen transcription factors were identified as candidates for regulating anthocyanin metabolism. This study provides new insights into salt-induced color loss and offers potential targets for breeding salt-tolerant black rice varieties with stable pigments.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased pericarp anthocyanin content.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“salt stress decreased the anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity while increasing the L *, a *, b *, and Δ E values in pericarp”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased pericarp antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“salt stress decreased the anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity while increasing the L *, a *, b *, and Δ E values in pericarp”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased pericarp L *, a *, and b * values.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Outcome
- L *, a *, b *e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“salt stress decreased the anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity while increasing the L *, a *, b *, and Δ E values in pericarp”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased pericarp Δ E.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Outcome
- Δ E valuese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“salt stress decreased the anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity while increasing the L *, a *, b *, and Δ E values in pericarp”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress downregulated PAL, 4CL, and CHS.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Gene
- PAL, 4CL, CHSe0
- Outcome
- PAL, 4CL, CHSe0
- Direction
- downregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“salt stress suppressed the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (by downregulating key genes including PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, ANS, and their corresponding enzyme activities)”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress downregulated CHI, F3H, and ANS.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Gene
- CHI, F3H, ANSe0
- Outcome
- CHI, F3H, ANSe0
- Direction
- downregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“salt stress suppressed the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (by downregulating key genes including PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, ANS, and their corresponding enzyme activities)”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress suppressed corresponding anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Outcome
- corresponding enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“salt stress suppressed the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (by downregulating key genes including PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, ANS, and their corresponding enzyme activities)”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress upregulated BGLU and Prx genes associated with degradation.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Gene
- BGLU and Prxe0
- Outcome
- BGLU and Prx genese0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“activated its degradation (by upregulating BGLU and Prx genes)”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced accumulation of cyanidin-3- O -glucoside and peonidin-3- O -glucoside.
- Taxon
- black ricet0
- Organ / stage
- Pericarpt0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst0
- Outcome
- accumulation of the main anthocyanins (cyanidin-3- O -glucoside and peonidin-3- O -glucoside)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“thereby reducing the accumulation of the main anthocyanins (cyanidin-3- O -glucoside and peonidin-3- O -glucoside)”
t0“Salt Stress Disrupts Color Stability in Black Rice Pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Fifteen transcription factors were identified as candidates for anthocyanin regulation.
Verbatim
e0“Fifteen transcription factors were identified as candidates for regulating anthocyanin metabolism”
t0“black rice”