Abstract
Plant virus evolution frequently leads to the emergence of highly virulent strains, posing persistent threats to global crop production. However, the mechanisms by which viral evolution enables evasion of plant defense responses remain poorly understood. Here, we found that Benyvirus necrobetae (beet necrotic yellow vein virus, BNYVV), causing the most destructive rhizomania disease in sugar beet worldwide, exhibits distinct pathogenicity associated with different virus isolates. Two Chinese isolates from Inner Mongolia (NM) and Xin Jiang (XJ) exhibit significantly higher virulence than the Japanese isolate O11 and Germany isolate OW1. Moreover, the high pathogenicity is attributed to the Arg-147 residue in P31NM and P31XJ. The P31 proteins of these isolates exhibit enhanced protein stability, compared with P31O11 and P31OW1 carrying a Lys-147 residue. Furthermore, the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hmg-CoA reductase degradation 1 (HRD1) targets the P31O11 Lys-147 for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Whereas, the P31NM Arg-147 evades HRD1-mediated degradation, conferring a virulence advantage. Overexpression of HRD1 obviously inhibits BNYVVO11 infection, rather than BNYVVNM. Moreover, knockout of NbHRD1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced susceptibility to BNYVV infection. Collectively, our findings demonstrate an ongoing evolutionary arms race, in which HRD1 is a critical antiviral component by ubiquitinating viral proteins, while natural mutations in viral genomes enable evasion of host defense.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
NM and XJ viral isolates had significantly higher virulence than O11 and OW1.
- Taxon
- beet
Beta vulgarist0 - Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two Chinese isolates from Inner Mongolia (NM) and Xin Jiang (XJ) exhibit significantly higher virulence than the Japanese isolate O11 and Germany isolate OW1.”
t0“beet”
Claim · model-written summary
High viral pathogenicity was attributed to Arg-147 in P31NM and P31XJ.
- Taxon
- beetBeta vulgarist0
- Gene
- Arg-147 residue in P31NM and P31XJe0
- Outcome
- high pathogenicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high pathogenicity is attributed to the Arg-147 residue in P31NM and P31XJ.”
t0“beet”
Claim · model-written summary
P31 proteins with Arg-147 had enhanced stability relative to Lys-147 variants.
- Taxon
- beetBeta vulgarist0
- Gene
- P31 proteinse0
- Outcome
- protein stabilitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- P31O11 and P31OW1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P31 proteins of these isolates exhibit enhanced protein stability, compared with P31O11 and P31OW1 carrying a Lys-147 residue.”
t0“beet”
Claim · model-written summary
HRD1 targets P31O11 Lys-147 for ubiquitination and degradation.
- Taxon
- beetBeta vulgarist0
- Gene
- HRD1e0
- Outcome
- ubiquitination and subsequent degradatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hmg-CoA reductase degradation 1 (HRD1) targets the P31O11 Lys-147 for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.”
t0“beet”
Claim · model-written summary
P31NM Arg-147 evaded HRD1 degradation, gaining a virulence advantage.
- Taxon
- beetBeta vulgarist0
- Gene
- P31NM Arg-147e0
- Outcome
- virulence advantagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the P31NM Arg-147 evades HRD1-mediated degradation, conferring a virulence advantage.”
t0“beet”
Claim · model-written summary
HRD1 overexpression inhibited BNYVVO11 infection.
- Taxon
- beetBeta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of HRD1e0
- Outcome
- BNYVVO11 infectione0
- Direction
- inhibitse0
- Comparator
- BNYVVNMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of HRD1 obviously inhibits BNYVVO11 infection, rather than BNYVVNM.”
t0“beet”
Claim · model-written summary
HRD1 overexpression did not inhibit BNYVVNM infection.
- Taxon
- beetBeta vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of HRD1e0
- Outcome
- BNYVVNMe0
- Direction
- rather thane0
- Comparator
- BNYVVO11e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of HRD1 obviously inhibits BNYVVO11 infection, rather than BNYVVNM.”
t0“beet”
Claim · model-written summary
NbHRD1 knockout increased Nicotiana benthamiana susceptibility to BNYVV.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- knockout of NbHRD1e0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to BNYVV infectione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“knockout of NbHRD1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced susceptibility to BNYVV infection.”