Abstract
Resistance to antimicrobial agents has become an increasingly important and pressing global problem. Hence, the need for substantial investment and research in the field of anti-infectives are now desperately needed if a public health crisis is to be averted. This study aims to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Costus afer stem and isolate the flavonoids in the extracts. The method used for isolation was a combination of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC). Phytochemical screening tests were used for identification of the eluate fractions of CC to ascertain the flavonoid-rich fraction. The flavonoid content in dry stem extracts (DSE); 153 µg/g was lesser than that in fresh stem extracts (FSE) 186 µg/g. All the extracts showed activity against test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp.) in a concentration-dependent manner. There was an observed resistance of S. aureus against FSE at 25 mg/ml. E.coli and Pseudomonas spp were sensitive to DSE at almost all concentrations Pseudomonas spp was sensitive to almost all the control drugs except cefuroxime where it recorded a resistance. DPPH radical scavenging activity was positively correlated to the concentration of the stem extracts. FSE sample showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than DSE as evident in Table 3 and Fig. 2. The reducing power of the extracts followed the order of DSE < FSE < VITC. ABTS radical scavenging activity was also positively correlated to the concentrations of the stem extracts. In this analysis, FSE sample showed higher radical scavenging activity of ABTS than the DSE sample.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Dry stem extract had 153 µg/g flavonoids, less than fresh extract.
- Taxon
- Costus afer
_2.jpg?width=60)
Costus afert0 - Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Value
- 153 µg/ge0
- Comparator
- fresh stem extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The flavonoid content in dry stem extracts (DSE); 153 µg/g was lesser than that in fresh stem extracts (FSE) 186 µg/g”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh stem extract had 186 µg/g flavonoids, more than dry extract.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Value
- 186 µg/ge0
- Comparator
- dry stem extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The flavonoid content in dry stem extracts (DSE); 153 µg/g was lesser than that in fresh stem extracts (FSE) 186 µg/g”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem extracts showed concentration-dependent activity against the test bacteria.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Treatment
- concentratione0
- Outcome
- activity against test organismse0
- Direction
- concentration-dependente0
- Qualifier
- Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the extracts showed activity against test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp.) in a concentration-dependent manner”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
S. aureus resisted fresh extract at 25 mg/ml.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Treatment
- FSE at 25 mg/mle0
- Outcome
- resistance of S. aureuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was an observed resistance of S. aureus against FSE at 25 mg/ml”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
E. coli and Pseudomonas were sensitive to dry extract at almost all concentrations.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Treatment
- DSEe0
- Outcome
- E.coli and Pseudomonas spp were sensitivee0
- Qualifier
- almost all concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E.coli and Pseudomonas spp were sensitive to DSE at almost all concentrations”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH scavenging activity increased with stem extract concentration.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Treatment
- concentration of the stem extractse0
- Outcome
- DPPH radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DPPH radical scavenging activity was positively correlated to the concentration of the stem extracts”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh extract had greater DPPH scavenging activity than dry extract.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Material
- FSEe0
- Outcome
- DPPH radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- DSEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FSE sample showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than DSE”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing power ranked dry extract below fresh extract below vitamin C.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Outcome
- reducing powere0
- Qualifier
- DSE < FSE < VITCe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reducing power of the extracts followed the order of DSE < FSE < VITC”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
ABTS scavenging activity rose with stem extract concentration.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Treatment
- concentrations of the stem extractse0
- Outcome
- ABTS radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABTS radical scavenging activity was also positively correlated to the concentrations of the stem extracts”
t0“Costus afer”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh extract had greater ABTS scavenging activity than dry extract.
- Taxon
- Costus aferCostus afert0
- Material
- FSEe0
- Outcome
- radical scavenging activity of ABTSe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- DSEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FSE sample showed higher radical scavenging activity of ABTS than the DSE sample”
t0“Costus afer”